Neural injury following stroke: are Toll-like receptors the link between the immune system and the CNS?

British Journal of Pharmacology
Catherine E Downes, Peter J Crack

Abstract

The CNS can exhibit features of inflammation in response to injury, infection or disease, whereby resident cells generate inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, prostaglandins, free radicals and complement, chemokines and adhesion molecules that recruit immune cells, and activate glia and microglia. Cerebral ischaemia triggers acute inflammation, which exacerbates primary brain damage. The regulation of inflammation after stroke is multifaceted and comprises vascular effects, distinct cellular responses, apoptosis and chemotaxis. There are many cell types that are affected including neurons, astrocytes, microglia and endothelial cells, all responding to the resultant neuroinflammation in different ways. Over the past 20 years, researchers examining brain tissue at various time intervals after stroke observed the presence of inflammatory cells, neutrophils and monocytes at the site of injury, as well as the activation of endogenous glia and microglia. This review examines the involvement of these cells in the progression of neural injury and proposes that the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are likely to be an integral component in the communication between the CNS and the periphery. This receptor system is the archetypal patho...Continue Reading

References

Jan 1, 1995·Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism·S JanderG Stoll
Jul 1, 1995·Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation·Y LiC Zaloga
Jan 1, 1993·Glia·R B BanatiG W Kreutzberg
Jun 7, 1996·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·T MoriguchiM Hagiwara
Nov 1, 1996·Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism·R HärtlG J del Zoppo
Sep 3, 1998·Neuroscience Letters·P A SperaF C Barone
Oct 2, 1998·Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation·G A RosenbergJ E Dencoff
Dec 16, 1998·Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism·D S GaryM P Mattson
Jun 11, 1999·European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies·S H PelidouH Link
Sep 17, 1999·Metabolic Brain Disease·R HataK A Hossmann
Jan 7, 2000·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·K OhashiH Kolb
Mar 29, 2000·Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology·S LoveG K Wilcock
May 3, 2000·Neuroreport·F BlockM Nolden-Koch
May 23, 2000·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·M MuzioA Mantovani
Aug 18, 2000·The European Journal of Neuroscience·M GrilliE Ongini
Jan 10, 2001·FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·N Laflamme, S Rivest
Feb 7, 2001·Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation·E J RothS Diaz
Feb 27, 2001·Neurology·N M BornsteinJ Chapman
Jul 21, 2001·Cell Death and Differentiation·A Martin-VillalbaP H Krammer
Oct 20, 2001·Cerebrovascular Diseases·G GromadzkaA Członkowska
Jan 10, 2002·The Journal of Experimental Medicine·Christian TermeerJan Christoph Simon
Feb 12, 2002·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Alexzander AseaStuart K Calderwood
Mar 2, 2002·Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation·Rita M CowellFaye S Silverstein
Mar 14, 2002·Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism·Paula M HughesChristoph Wiessner
Apr 18, 2002·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Shyun LiHolger Wesche
Apr 24, 2002·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Veit HornungGunther Hartmann
Jul 27, 2002·Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism·Kate Lykke LambertsenBente Finsen
Oct 22, 2002·American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology·Jacques LevrautPaul T Schumacker
Dec 10, 2002·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Masahiro YamamotoShizuo Akira
Jun 11, 2003·Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism·Yong ChenStefanie N Vogel
Aug 5, 2003·Glia·Christal C BowmanIan Marriott
Aug 7, 2003·Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism·Gregory J del Zoppo, Takuma Mabuchi
Sep 13, 2003·British Journal of Pharmacology·Nicholas J MulcahySarah A Loddick

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Mar 1, 2012·Inflammopharmacology·Parto S Khansari, Beata Sperlagh
Mar 22, 2012·Brain Imaging and Behavior·Erin D Bigler, William L Maxwell
Nov 23, 2011·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Joana A ZulaAnette H H van Boxel-Dezaire
Apr 3, 2012·The Journal of Clinical Investigation·Richard M Ransohoff, Melissa A Brown
Jul 12, 2011·Chinese Medicine·Shan-Yu Su, Ching-Liang Hsieh
Nov 30, 2013·TheScientificWorldJournal·Xiaomeng XuYongjun Jiang
Jan 21, 2014·Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS·Ganta Vijay ChaitanyaJonathan S Alexander
May 31, 2014·BioMed Research International·Xiaomeng Xu, Yongjun Jiang
Jul 19, 2014·Biogerontology·Aurel Popa-WagnerCarmen Valeria Albu
Jan 28, 2014·Molecular Neurobiology·Fatemeh HemmatiAbolhassan Ahmadiani
Jul 31, 2013·Pediatric Critical Care Medicine : a Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies·Dorothea D JenkinsRenee Martin
Feb 20, 2015·The Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine : the Official Journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians·F M O'HareE J Molloy
Feb 7, 2015·The Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine : the Official Journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians·Fiona M O'HareEleanor J Molloy
Oct 29, 2015·Journal of Neurochemistry·Myles R MinterPeter J Crack
Nov 28, 2012·Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry·Norbert MüllerMarkus J Schwarz
Oct 25, 2012·Journal of Neurochemistry·Simon NagelMichalis Papadakis
Jun 26, 2012·Immunological Reviews·Marc-André Bellavance, Serge Rivest
Oct 5, 2013·Headache·Cynthia L MayerElaine Peskind
Jan 19, 2011·Biochemical Pharmacology·Michael Carty, Andrew G Bowie
May 3, 2013·Neurological Research·Christopher Cox, Frank R Sharp
Mar 11, 2015·Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology·Dana MorzaevNitza Goldenberg-Cohen
May 22, 2013·Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity·Marisol Godínez-RubíDaniel Ortuño-Sahagún
Sep 18, 2015·Journal of Inflammation·Frank J BrandJuan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
Nov 8, 2014·Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents·Mithilesh Kumar JhaKyoungho Suk
Dec 3, 2014·Neuropharmacology·Aline Barroso Spejo, Alexandre L R Oliveira
Nov 30, 2013·Mediators of Inflammation·Xiao-li LiuYa-guo Li
Mar 21, 2012·Psychiatry Research·Norbert MüllerMarkus J Schwarz
Jan 5, 2012·Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology·Michael A GalicQuentin J Pittman
Mar 14, 2014·Frontiers in Neuroscience·Lidia Garcia-BonillaJosef Anrather
Nov 19, 2014·Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience·Anna Carolina Carvalho da FonsecaFlavia Regina Souza Lima

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Related Feeds

Acute Stroke

A stroke occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted depriving the brain of oxygen and nutrients. This feed focuses cerebrovascular accidents including ischemic and paralytic stroke.

Astrocytes in Repair & Regeneration

Astrocytes are glial cells found within the CNS and are able to regenerate new neurons. They become activated during CNS injury and disease. The activation leads to the transcription of new genes and the repair and regeneration of neurons. Discover the latest research on astrocytes in repair and regeneration here.

Anti-inflammatory Treatments

A drug or substance that reduces inflammation (redness, swelling, and pain) in the body. Anti-inflammatory agents block certain substances in the body that cause inflammation and swelling. Discover the latest research on anti-inflammatory treatments here

Astrocytes

Astrocytes are glial cells that support the blood-brain barrier, facilitate neurotransmission, provide nutrients to neurons, and help repair damaged nervous tissues. Here is the latest research.

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a specific process that leads to programmed cell death through the activation of an evolutionary conserved intracellular pathway leading to pathognomic cellular changes distinct from cellular necrosis

Astrocytes & Neurodegeneration

Astrocytes are important for the health and function of the central nervous system. When these cells stop functioning properly, either through gain of function or loss of homeostatic controls, neurodegenerative diseases can occur. Here is the latest research on astrocytes and neurodegeneration.