Neuroanatomy of Hyalinella punctata: Common patterns and new characters in phylactolaemate bryozoans

Journal of Morphology
Magdalena AmbrosThomas Schwaha

Abstract

Studies on the bryozoan adult nervous system employing immunocytochemical techniques and confocal laser scanning microscopy are scarce. To gain a better view into the structure and evolution of the nervous system of the Phylactolaemata, the earliest extant branch and sister taxon to the remaining Bryozoa, this work aims to characterize the nervous system of Hyalinella punctata with immunocytochemical techniques and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The cerebral ganglion is located between the anus and the pharynx and contains a lumen. Two ganglionic horns and a circum-oral nerve ring emanate from the cerebral ganglion. The pharynx is innervated by a diffuse neural plexus with two prominent neurite bundles. The caecum is innervated by longitudinal neurite bundles and a peripheral plexus. The intestine is characterized by longitudinal and circular neurite bundles, mostly near the anus. Novel putative sensory cells were found in the foregut and intestine. The tentacle sheath is innervated by a diffuse neural plexus, which emanates from several neurite bundles from the cerebral ganglion, but also parts of the pharyngeal plexus. There are six tentacle neurite bundles of intertentacular origin. The retractor muscles are innervated ...Continue Reading

References

Jun 28, 1973·Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie·G Lutaud
Mar 25, 2006·Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution·Yale Passamaneck, Kenneth M Halanych
Dec 19, 2007·Journal of Morphology·Alexander Gruhl, Thomas Bartolomaeus
Dec 1, 2011·Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution·Andrea WaeschenbachD T J Littlewood
May 30, 2012·Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution·Jon MallattMatthew J Yoder
Jun 30, 2012·Nature Methods·Johannes SchindelinAlbert Cardona
Oct 16, 2015·Frontiers in Zoology·Ksenia V ShunkinaAndrew N Ostrovsky

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