Neuromodulation: advances in the next decade

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Russell J Andrews

Abstract

Many nervous system disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease, mood disorders) involve neurotransmitters as well as electrical activity. Pharmacologic treatment does not target the precise location(s) where neurotransmitter imbalances occur. Additionally, non-neuronal cells in the brain--notably astrocytes--influence neuronal activity through both electrical and neurochemical modulation of nearby neurons. Precise monitoring/recording and modulating/stimulating (both electrical and neurochemical) can optimize therapy in specific disorders and specific patients. Carbon-fiber microelectrodes (5 microm diameter) in freely moving rodents have shown that dopamine release is heterogeneous within various regions in the nucleus accumbens, a region involved in many mood disorders. Because neurons are only several microns in diameter (axons, dendrites, and synaptic clefts smaller still), ultramicroelectrodes will be essential to selectively monitor/modulate the cell body, the axon, or at the intracellular level. Nanoelectrode arrays can monitor both electrical activity and dopamine in real time with submicron resolution, and stimulate neurons with equal precision. Computational models indicate that precise monitoring/modulating (electrically a...Continue Reading

References

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Citations

Oct 26, 2012·Neuromodulation : Journal of the International Neuromodulation Society·Takamitsu YamamotoChikashi Fukaya
Sep 24, 2011·Neurosurgery Clinics of North America·John D RolstonRobert E Gross
May 10, 2011·Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia·Benjamin WakerleyTipu Aziz
Dec 23, 2014·Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry·Juan F GálvezJair C Soares

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