Neuroprotective strategies in drug abuse-evoked encephalopathy

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Ashraf VirmaniZbigniew K Binienda

Abstract

Encephalopathy is evidenced as an altered mental state with various neurological symptoms, such as memory and cognitive problems. The type of a substance-evoked encephalopathy will depend on the drug, substance, or combination being abused. The categories into which we could place the various abused substances could be tentatively divided into stimulants, amphetamines, hallucinogens, narcotics, inhalants, anesthetics, anabolic steroids, and antipsychotics/antidepressants. Other factors that may underlie encephalopathy, such as infectious agents, environmental, and other factors have also to be taken into account. Drugs of abuse can be highly toxic to the CNS following acute, but more so in chronic exposure, and can produce significant damage to other organs, such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys. The damage to these organs may be at least partially reversible when drug abuse is stopped but CNS damage from repeated or prolonged abuse is often irreversible. The major pathways for the organ and CNS toxicity could be related to ischemic events as well as increased cell damage due to metabolic or mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in increased excitotoxicity, reduced energy production, and lowered antioxidant potential. Thes...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 3, 2013·Molecular Neurobiology·Ashraf VirmaniSyed Ali
Sep 17, 2015·Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders·Eberhard Nieschlag, Elena Vorona
Oct 16, 2012·Neuroscience Letters·Kazım TugyanAbdullah Kumral
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Apr 14, 2015·Drug Testing and Analysis·Suzanne Bell, Corey Nida
Feb 14, 2021·Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology·Lucia RackovaZuzana Brnoliakova

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