Abstract
There is increasing evidence and recognition that Lyme borreliosis (LB) causes mental symptoms. This article draws from databases, search engines and clinical experience to review current information on LB. LB causes immune and metabolic effects that result in a gradually developing spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms, usually presenting with significant comorbidity which may include developmental disorders, autism spectrum disorders, schizoaffective disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorders (panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, intrusive symptoms), eating disorders, decreased libido, sleep disorders, addiction, opioid addiction, cognitive impairments, dementia, seizure disorders, suicide, violence, anhedonia, depersonalization, dissociative episodes, derealization and other impairments. Screening assessment followed by a thorough history, comprehensive psychiatric clinical exam, review of systems, mental status exam, neurological exam and physical exam relevant to the patient's complaints and findings with clinical judgment, pattern recognition and knowledgeable interpretation of laboratory findings facilitates diagnosis. Psychotropics and anti...Continue Reading
References
Jan 1, 1992·The Psychiatric Quarterly·B A FallonM R Liebowitz
Jan 1, 1992·Neurology·J J Halperin, M P Heyes
Mar 1, 1992·Journal of Neurology·U RoelckeW Hacke
Jul 1, 1992·Neurology·R F KaplanA C Steere
Nov 1, 1991·Archives of Neurology·L B KruppJ J Halperin
Feb 10, 1990·Lancet·S E SchutzerJ Drulle
Nov 22, 1990·The New England Journal of Medicine·E L LogigianA C Steere
Jan 1, 1990·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·K W Kelley
May 1, 1990·Annals of Emergency Medicine·G X BroganP Viccellio
Jul 1, 1989·Archives of Neurology·A R PachnerA C Steere
Feb 1, 1985·Neurology·L ReikW Nelson
Jul 1, 1985·Annals of Internal Medicine·P A SchlesingerM T Stillman
Jul 1, 1995·Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society·B HemmerG Deuschl
Jan 1, 1995·The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences·C WaniekA J Dwork
May 1, 1995·Psychosomatics·B A FallonM R Liebowitz
May 1, 1995·Acta Neurologica Scandinavica·T BenkeE Schmutzhard
Jan 1, 1994·Schizophrenia Bulletin·J S Brown
Nov 1, 1994·The American Journal of Psychiatry·B A Fallon, J A Nields
Oct 15, 1994·Annals of Internal Medicine·N A ShadickM H Liang
Jun 1, 1993·Neurology·P K CoyleB Luft
Feb 1, 1993·Neurology·H W PfisterH P Kapfhammer
Sep 1, 1995·Journal of Neurology·M T SilvaG T Spencer
Apr 1, 1996·The American Journal of Psychiatry·S L SteinD Spiegel
Jun 1, 1996·Journal of Clinical Microbiology·E HiltonS Sood
Dec 1, 1996·Brain : a Journal of Neurology·J OksiM K Viljanen
Mar 1, 1997·Seminars in Neurology·R F Kaplan, L Jones-Woodward
Apr 16, 1998·The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal·B J BloomA C Steere
Oct 17, 1998·The Psychiatric Clinics of North America·B A FallonJ A Nields
Feb 17, 1999·The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences·J A NieldsP J Jastreboff
Apr 3, 1999·Biological Psychiatry·A HessR Benecke
Nov 30, 1999·Applied Neuropsychology·R F KaplanM E Meadows
Nov 18, 2000·Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy·A Gammelgaard
Jul 24, 2001·The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology·H L Leonard, S E Swedo
Sep 18, 2001·Archives of Neurology·E EskowE Mordechai
Dec 19, 2001·The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences·F A TagerM R Liebowitz
Feb 2, 2002·The American Journal of Psychiatry·Tomás HájekCyril Höschl
Mar 27, 2002·The Psychiatric Clinics of North America·Robert K SchneiderJames L Levenson
Apr 25, 2003·Medical Hypotheses·W T Harvey, P Salvato
Aug 28, 2003·Southern Medical Journal·Raphael B Stricker, Edward E Winger
Apr 7, 2004·Microbes and Infection·Monica E EmbersMario T Philipp
Oct 21, 2004·Molecular Psychiatry·M C WichersM Maes
Jun 14, 2005·The Clinical Journal of Pain·Karl-Jürgen BärHeinrich Sauer
Jul 2, 2005·Journal of Psychiatric Practice·V T Sherr
Jan 18, 2006·Clinical and Experimental Immunology·S JareforsC Ekerfelt
Jan 26, 2006·Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS·John G KeilpBrian A Fallon
May 6, 2006·Medical Hypotheses·Alan B MacDonald
Jul 14, 2006·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Siobhán M O'ConnorJames M Hughes
Oct 10, 2006·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Gary P WormserRobert B Nadelman
Feb 1, 2007·Journal of Neuroscience Research·Garth L NicolsonJoerg Haier
Citations
Oct 11, 2019·Healthcare·Robert C Bransfield, Kenneth J Friedman
Jan 16, 2020·Healthcare·Robert C BransfieldSagar Javia
Sep 12, 2019·Healthcare·Robert C BransfieldDouglas R Bransfield
Nov 2, 2019·AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology·H A ValandR K Tu
Sep 18, 2020·BMC Neurology·Louise Nørreslet Gimsing, Anne-Mette Hejl
Jul 11, 2020·GeroScience·Marius ZeebAndré Karch
Oct 8, 2020·JAMA Psychiatry·Malte M TetensLars H Omland
Oct 28, 2020·Antibiotics·Richard I Horowitz, Phyllis R Freeman
Feb 20, 2021·Frontiers in Psychiatry·Amy CrossCharles Ray Jones
May 20, 2021·International Medical Case Reports Journal·Daniel A Kinderlehrer
Jun 29, 2021·Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology·Lianbao LiFukai Bao
Nov 23, 2021·Nursing·Danica StevensonBridget Parsh