Nimbolide Represses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Bladder Carcinoma Cells via Chk2-Mediated G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest, Altered Signaling Pathways, and Reduced Transcription Factors-Associated MMP-9 Expression

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM
Seung-Shick ShinSung-Kwon Moon

Abstract

Nimbolide, an active chemical constituent of Azadirachta indica, reportedly has several physiological effects. Here, we assessed novel anticancer effects of nimbolide against bladder cancer EJ and 5637 cells. Nimbolide treatment inhibited the proliferation of both bladder cancer cell lines with an IC50 value of 3 μM. Treatment of cells with nimbolide induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest via both Chk2-Cdc25C-Cdc2/cyclin B1-Wee1 pathway and Chk2-p21WAF1-Cdc2/cyclin B1-Wee1 pathway. Nimbolide increased JNK phosphorylation and decreased p38MAPK and AKT phosphorylation. Additionally, nimbolide impeded both wound healing migration and invasion abilities by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity. Finally, nimbolide repressed the binding activity of NF-κB, Sp-1, and AP-1 motifs, which are key transcription factors for MMP-9 activity regulation. Overall, our study indicates that nimbolide is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for bladder cancer.

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Citations

Mar 20, 2021·Journal of Medicinal Chemistry·Siddavaram NaginiRajakishore Mishra
Apr 4, 2021·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Bo LiYi Charlie Chen
May 18, 2021·Frontiers in Oncology·Yong XiaYoung Do Jung

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
electrophoretic mobility shift assay
protein assay
electrophoresis
Assay
X-ray
flow cytometry

Software Mentioned

ImagePro Plus
BD Cell Fit

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