Noninvasive quantification of intrarenal allograft C4d deposition with targeted ultrasound imaging

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
Tao LiaoQiquan Sun

Abstract

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) has emerged as a major cause of renal allograft dysfunction. C4d, a specific marker for AMR diagnosis, was strongly recommended for routine surveillance; however, currently, C4d detection is dependent upon tissue biopsy, which is invasive and provides only local semi-quantitative data. Targeted ultrasound imaging has been used extensively for noninvasive and real-time molecular detection with advantages of high specificity and sensitivity. In this study, we designed C4d-targeted microbubbles (MBC4d ) using a streptavidin-biotin conjugated method and detected C4d deposition in vivo in a rat model of AMR by enhanced ultrasound imaging. This noninvasive procedure allowed successful acquisition of the first qualitative image of C4d deposition in a wide renal allograft section, which reflected real-time C4d distribution in grafts. Moreover, we introduced normal intensity difference for quantitative analysis, which exhibited a nearly linear correlation with the grade of C4d deposition according to pathologic analysis. In addition, this approach showed no influence on survival rates and pathologic features in the microbubble injection groups, thereby demonstrating its safety. These findings demonstrat...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 17, 2019·Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging·Ulrich JehnStefan Reuter
Feb 23, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Shanshan ZhaoGuihua Hou
Mar 20, 2019·Microcirculation : the Official Journal of the Microcirculatory Society, Inc·Cheng YangWanyuan He
Mar 2, 2021·Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology·Haofeng ZhengQiquan Sun
Jul 1, 2021·Nature Reviews. Nephrology·Barbara M KlinkhammerPeter Boor

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