PMID: 3763157Aug 1, 1986Paper

Normal variations of the position of the eye in the orbit

Ophthalmology
H G BogrenS S Wilmarth

Abstract

Photoradiographic measurements of projected corneal and nasion pituitary distances in Swedish adults and in white and black adults in the United States were transformed to true measurements. A new photographic method to compute nose-corneal distance was developed and compared to the photoradiographic and Hertel measurements. A new photographic method was developed to record interpupillary distance more accurately than earlier methods. A highly significant difference in eye position between white and black people was found. Variations in normal eye position in the same individual were studied in 39 subjects. Normal eye position was found to vary in an anterior-posterior direction, with an average variation of 1.5 to 2 mm (range, 0-3.7 mm). The interpupillary distance was found to be very stable. A difference of at least 2 mm, and perhaps 3 to 4 mm in exophthalmometric measurements is necessary to detect a pathological difference.

References

Dec 1, 1975·Annals of Internal Medicine·R D Brown, J Douglas
Mar 1, 1972·American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry·H Backman

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Citations

Jan 1, 1990·Eye·W M Amoaku, D B Archer
Apr 1, 1996·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·J B MullikenD E Altobelli
Jun 12, 1999·The British Journal of Ophthalmology·W A van den BoschP Mulder
Nov 22, 2014·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Kunaal JindalMark A Codner
Feb 13, 2007·Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS·H AhmadiM H Kelly
Apr 29, 2015·The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery·Maria Costanza MeazziniAlberto Caprioglio
Dec 6, 2005·The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery·Claudio RinnaGabriele Reale
Jul 1, 1996·Neuroradiology·B SchuknechtH F Sailer
Sep 3, 2021·Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction·Rizwana Fathima JamalRavindran Chinnaswami

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