Notum deacylates Wnt proteins to suppress signalling activity

Nature
Satoshi KakugawaJean-Paul Vincent

Abstract

Signalling by Wnt proteins is finely balanced to ensure normal development and tissue homeostasis while avoiding diseases such as cancer. This is achieved in part by Notum, a highly conserved secreted feedback antagonist. Notum has been thought to act as a phospholipase, shedding glypicans and associated Wnt proteins from the cell surface. However, this view fails to explain specificity, as glypicans bind many extracellular ligands. Here we provide genetic evidence in Drosophila that Notum requires glypicans to suppress Wnt signalling, but does not cleave their glycophosphatidylinositol anchor. Structural analyses reveal glycosaminoglycan binding sites on Notum, which probably help Notum to co-localize with Wnt proteins. They also identify, at the active site of human and Drosophila Notum, a large hydrophobic pocket that accommodates palmitoleate. Kinetic and mass spectrometric analyses of human proteins show that Notum is a carboxylesterase that removes an essential palmitoleate moiety from Wnt proteins and thus constitutes the first known extracellular protein deacylase.

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
surface plasmon resonance
deacylation
dissection
transfection
phase separation
chip
x-ray diffraction
gene trap

Software Mentioned

Skyline
hNotum
Photoshop
ProFunc
ImageJ
PDBe Fold
Notum
GNNNG
Mascot
data explorer

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