Novel insights in preventing Gram-negative bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients: review on the effects of GM-CSF in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system

Hepatology International
Dong XuJunshuai Wang

Abstract

Cirrhotic patients with dysfunctional and/or low numbers of leukocytes are often infected with bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria, which is characterized by producing lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that influences the production, maturation, function, and survival of various immune cells. In this paper, we reviewed not only Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway and its immunological effect, but also the specific stimulating function and autocrine performance of GM-CSF on hematopoietic cells, as well as the recent discovery of innate response activator-B cells in protection against microbial sepsis and the direct LPS-TLR4 signaling on hematopoiesis. Thus we concluded that GM-CSF might play important roles in preventing Gram-negative bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients through maintaining immune system functions and homeostasis.

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Citations

Aug 15, 2015·European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology·D XuJ Wang
May 22, 2016·International Immunopharmacology·K Alun BrownDavid F Treacher
Oct 27, 2016·Critical Reviews in Microbiology·Yang HeJunshuai Wang
Feb 2, 2020·Scientific Reports·Noushin LotfiAbdolmohamad Rostami
Jul 6, 2019·Frontiers in Immunology·Noushin LotfiNafiseh Esmaeil
Aug 8, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Michael G AppiahMotomu Shimaoka

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