PMID: 9168394May 1, 1997Paper

Numerical analysis of an extremity in a cold environment including countercurrent arterio-venous heat exchange

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
A ShitzerK B Pandolf

Abstract

A model of the thermal behavior of an extremity, e.g., a finger, is presented. The model includes the effects of heat conduction, metabolic heat generation, heat transport by blood perfusion, heat exchange between the tissue and the large blood vessels, and arterio-venous heat exchange. Heat exchange with the environment through a layer of thermal insulation, depicting thermal handwear, is also considered. The tissue is subdivided into four concentric layers simulating, from the center outward, core, muscle, fat, and skin. Differential heat balance equations are formulated for the tissue and for the major artery and the major vein traversing the finger. These coupled equations are solved numerically by a finite-difference, alternating direction method employing a Thomas algorithm. The numerical scheme was extensively tested for its stability and convergence. This paper presents the model equations and results of the convergence tests, and shows plots of blood and tissue temperatures along the axis of the model for combinations of parameters including the effect of countercurrent heat exchange between the artery and the vein.

References

Dec 1, 1991·Journal of Applied Physiology·A ShitzerK B Pandolf
Feb 1, 1988·Journal of Applied Physiology·P TikuisisK B Pandolf
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Citations

Jan 4, 2008·European Journal of Applied Physiology·Carsten ZimmermannKarl Jochen Glitz
Jul 21, 1999·Journal of Biomechanical Engineering·A ShitzerK B Pandolf
May 13, 2010·Journal of Biomechanical Engineering·Mohammad W AkhtarMorteza Naghavi
Oct 1, 2013·Applied Ergonomics·Miyo YokotaXiaojiang Xu
Jan 23, 2014·International Journal of Biometeorology·Mohamad RidaJamal Hoballah
Oct 9, 2013·The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences·Pao-Chiang ChaoChing-Yao Hu
Mar 29, 2008·Computers in Biology and Medicine·Ying HeHideo Yokota
Sep 22, 2012·Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering·Hongwei ShaoLizhong Mu
Aug 30, 2018·Physiological Reports·Anna Colleen CrouchJoan M Greve
Jan 26, 1999·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·A Shitzer
May 16, 2019·Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering·Andrey SagaidachnyiAnatoly Skripal

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