Abstract
Parents of children with cancer report post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) years after the child's successful treatment is completed. The aim of the present study was to analyze a number of objective and subjective childhood cancer-related factors as predictors of parental PTSS. Data were collected from 224 parents during and after their child's cancer treatment. Data sources include self-report questionnaires and medical records. In a multivariate hierarchical model death of the child, parent's perception of child psychological distress and total symptom burden predicted higher levels of PTSS. In addition, immigrants and unemployed parents reported higher levels of PTSS. The following factors did not predict PTSS: parent gender, family income, previous trauma, child's prognosis, treatment intensity, non-fatal relapse, and parent's satisfaction with the child's care. Although medical complications can be temporarily stressful, a parent's perception of the child's distress is a more powerful predictor of parental PTSS. The vulnerability of unemployed parents and immigrants should be acknowledged. In addition, findings highlight that the death of a child is as traumatic as could be expected.
References
Jan 1, 1994·European Journal of Cancer : Official Journal for European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) [and] European Association for Cancer Research (EACR)·R K PortenoyL Norton
Oct 23, 1993·BMJ : British Medical Journal·J H OlsenR Sankila
Mar 1, 1996·Psychosomatics·D PelcovitzV Vinciguerra
Jul 1, 1997·The American Journal of Psychiatry·M J HorowitzC H Stinson
Mar 12, 1998·Journal of Pediatric Psychology·L P BarakatM L Stuber
Aug 8, 1998·Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry·A E KazakA T Meadows
Dec 2, 1998·Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer·A BrédartC Van Heer
Jun 28, 2000·Journal of Pain and Symptom Management·J J CollinsR K Portenoy
Nov 9, 2000·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology·C R BrewinJ D Valentine
Aug 5, 2003·Journal of Traumatic Stress·Ronald T BrownRichard Lambert
Nov 11, 2003·Applied Nursing Research : ANR·Chao-Hsing Yeh
Sep 7, 2004·Journal of Pediatric Psychology·Ric G SteeleSean Phipps
Dec 8, 2004·The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease·Osnat Magal-VardiPaz Toren
Dec 17, 2004·Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine·Arijit NandiDavid Vlahov
Aug 27, 2005·Acta Oncologica·Annika Lindahl NorbergKrister K Boman
Sep 15, 2005·Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology·Anne E KazakAnne Reilly
Oct 13, 2006·Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing : Official Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses·Eileen C Duffey-LindElyse R Park
Sep 12, 2007·Psycho-oncology·Ulrika PöderLouise von Essen
Sep 14, 2007·Acta Oncologica·Annika Lindahl Norberg, Krister K Boman
Dec 13, 2007·Journal of Pediatric Psychology·Nichole JurbergsSean Phipps
Jun 6, 2009·European Journal of Cancer Care·A Lindahl Norberg, S Steneby
Aug 5, 2009·PLoS Medicine·Holly G PrigersonPaul K Maciejewski
Feb 20, 2010·Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer·Phyllis N ButowUNKNOWN Psycho-Oncology Co-operative Research Group
May 12, 2010·The American Psychologist·Seth J SchwartzJosé Szapocznik
Jul 14, 2010·Journal of Psychosocial Oncology·Ask ElklitMathias Lasgaard
Citations
Aug 12, 2014·European Journal of Public Health·Stephen C GilliverKristina Sundquist
Jul 17, 2015·Journal of Psychosocial Oncology·Marie Vander Haegen, Olivier Luminet
Sep 12, 2015·European Journal of Cancer Care·S SultanC Abate
May 13, 2015·PloS One·Ulla ForinderAnnika Lindahl Norberg
Jun 12, 2016·Journal of Pediatric Psychology·Sheri L RobbYan Tong
Aug 17, 2016·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Ryoko Nakajima-YamaguchiTakashi Fukushima
Feb 27, 2017·Infant Mental Health Journal·Amy L D'AgataJacqueline M Mcgrath
Dec 15, 2016·Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer·Lei ShiYajie Li
Sep 19, 2018·Nursing Science Quarterly·Ijeoma Julie Eche, Teri Aronowitz
Jul 9, 2016·Advances in Neonatal Care : Official Journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses·Amy L DʼAgataJacqueline M McGrath
Mar 21, 2013·Pediatric Blood & Cancer·Kathleen A MeeskeJoel Milam
Nov 16, 2019·Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing·Ijeoma J EcheMargaret A McCabe
Sep 4, 2020·Children·Tiffany H TaftLinda Nguyen
Oct 4, 2017·Clinical Pediatrics·Anna KobylianskiiRipudaman S Minhas
Sep 4, 2020·Children·Irina Banienė, Nida Žemaitienė
Aug 25, 2020·Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research and Practice·Julia BaenzigerGisela Michel
May 18, 2021·Pediatric Hematology and Oncology·So Yoon KimHyoung Soo Choi
Oct 30, 2021·Journal of Psychosocial Oncology·Maha AtoutShaima'a Mohammad