Objective predictors of delayed-onset post-traumatic stress disorder occurring after military discharge

Psychological Medicine
Chris R BrewinL Stewart

Abstract

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that develops after military personnel have been discharged may lead to severe impairment. We investigated whether personnel who develop PTSD after discharge can be identified by independent evidence of internalizing signs such as depression or of externalizing signs such as disciplinary offences while still serving. Veterans in receipt of a war pension who only developed PTSD post-discharge were compared with matched veterans who developed PTSD in service or never suffered from PTSD. Contemporaneous medical and personnel records were searched for objective evidence of internalizing and externalizing disorder. Service personnel who developed PTSD post-discharge were indistinguishable from controls with no PTSD on their psychiatric presentation in service. Those with post-discharge PTSD had significantly more disciplinary offences, specifically absence without leave, disobedience, and dishonesty, than the no-PTSD group, and this excess of offences was present before any exposure to trauma. This is the first study to find objective evidence independent of self-report for the claimed link between externalizing disorder and vulnerability to PTSD. Early signs of externalizing disorders may play ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Apr 12, 2012·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology·Chris R BrewinJennie Hejdenberg
Sep 11, 2014·European Journal of Psychotraumatology·Elizabeth J F HuntNeil Greenberg
May 30, 2013·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology·Geert E SmidEric Vermetten
Jun 16, 2015·Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences·M WallerA J Dobson
Oct 28, 2019·Australasian Psychiatry : Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists·Duncan WallaceSamantha Hodges
May 24, 2021·Neuroscience Letters·David Ullrich, David William Mac Gillavry

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