Observation of gauge invariance in a 71-site Bose-Hubbard quantum simulator.

Nature
Bing YangJian-Wei Pan

Abstract

The modern description of elementary particles, as formulated in the standard model of particle physics, is built on gauge theories1. Gauge theories implement fundamental laws of physics by local symmetry constraints. For example, in quantum electrodynamics Gauss's law introduces an intrinsic local relation between charged matter and electromagnetic fields, which protects many salient physical properties, including massless photons and a long-ranged Coulomb law. Solving gauge theories using classical computers is an extremely arduous task2, which has stimulated an effort to simulate gauge-theory dynamics in microscopically engineered quantum devices3-6. Previous achievements implemented density-dependent Peierls phases without defining a local symmetry7,8, realized mappings onto effective models to integrate out either matter or electric fields9-12, or were limited to very small systems13-16. However, the essential gauge symmetry has not been observed experimentally. Here we report the quantum simulation of an extended U(1) lattice gauge theory, and experimentally quantify the gauge invariance in a many-body system comprising matter and gauge fields. These fields are realized in defect-free arrays of bosonic atoms in an optical...Continue Reading

References

Mar 26, 2005·Nature·Simon FöllingImmanuel Bloch
Jun 17, 2006·Nature·K WinklerP Zoller
Sep 12, 2008·Nature·Robert JördensTilman Esslinger
Apr 15, 2011·Nature·Jonathan SimonMarkus Greiner
Dec 20, 2015·Reports on Progress in Physics·Erez ZoharBenni Reznik
Jun 24, 2016·Nature·Esteban A MartinezRainer Blatt
Dec 1, 2017·Nature·Hannes BernienMikhail D Lukin
Mar 2, 2019·Physical Review Letters·T V ZacheP Hauke
Jul 28, 2019·Physical Review Letters·Yi-Ping HuangMarkus Heyl
Mar 7, 2020·Science·Alexander MilFred Jendrzejewski
Jun 20, 2020·Science·Bing YangJian-Wei Pan
Aug 4, 2020·Physical Review Letters·Jad C Halimeh, Philipp Hauke

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Citations

Jun 16, 2021·Nature Communications·Giuseppe MagnificoSimone Montangero
Jun 18, 2021·Physical Review. E·Jad C Halimeh, Mohammad F Maghrebi
Jul 25, 2021·Nature Communications·Sebastian SchergMonika Aidelsburger
Aug 31, 2021·Physical Review Letters·Tomotaka Kuwahara, Keiji Saito
Sep 3, 2021·The Review of Scientific Instruments·Meng-Da LiJian-Wei Pan

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
imaging technique

Software Mentioned

simeq
DMRG

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