Observation of intra-group and extra-group copulation and reproductive characters in free ranging groups of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis)

Integrative Zoology
Bei HuangXuelong Jiang

Abstract

Black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) are 1 of only 3 gibbon species that have been observed in long-term polygynous groups, but their mating behavior and reproductive characters have never been reported. Based on population monitoring over 7 years and direct observation for 26 months of the study groups in Wuliang Mountain, central Yunnan, we describe for the first time the copulation behavior and breeding pattern of free-ranging western black crested gibbons. The gestation period of black crested gibbons is estimated to be between 6 and 7 months. The average breeding interval is 3.5 years, with infant independence at approximately 2.5 years. We observed 2 intra-group copulations and 5 extra-group copulations. Copulations were initiated when a female gave a 'solicitation' gesture. When a male made any mating attempt, the female might refuse it. These results demonstrate direct female mate choice. Both male and female gibbons dispersed from their natal groups and sometimes replaced paired adults in other groups. We observed no evidence of infanticide during inter-group conflicts or after replacement of adults. Together with extra-group copulations, these phenomena indicate a flexible social organization and complex mating s...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 31, 2015·American Journal of Primatology·Belinda L Burns, Debra S Judge
Mar 11, 2016·Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS·Heather HarlJay Petersen
Apr 14, 2017·Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology·Amy M PorterAnthony Di Fiore
Jun 7, 2018·American Journal of Physical Anthropology·Brittany FlorkiewiczUlrich H Reichard
Jul 25, 2019·American Journal of Primatology·Chang-Yong MaPeng-Fei Fan

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