Occurrence and spatial distribution of pesticide residues in butter and ghee (clarified butter fat) in Punjab (India)

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Jasbir S BediPrabhjit Kaur

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to monitor organochlorine, organophosphate, and synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues in butter (n = 55) and ghee (n = 56) samples collected from three different regions of Punjab. The estimation of pesticide residues was done by multiple residue analytical technique using gas chromatography equipped with GC-ECD and GC-FTD. The confirmation of residues was done on gas chromatography mass spectrometry in both selective ion monitoring (SIM) and scan mode. Results indicated the presence of hexacholorocyclohexane (HCH) and p,p' DDE as predominant contaminant in both butter and ghee. Residues of HCH were detected in 25 and 23% samples of butter and ghee, respectively, while residues of p,p' DDE were recorded in 29 and 25% of butter and ghee samples, respectively. None of the butter and ghee sample violated the MRL values of 200 ng g(-1) for HCH and 1250 ng g(-1) for dichorodiphenyl tricholorethane (DDT). The presence of endosulfan, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin, and chlorpyrifos were observed in a few butter and ghee samples at traces. The spatial variation for comparative occurrence of pesticide residues indicated higher levels in the south-western region of Punjab. Additionally, the tem...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 13, 2018·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·Gurpreet KaurSandeep Singh
Oct 4, 2018·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Atul KumarAmit Kumar
Aug 12, 2019·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Shelly SharmaHarvinder Singh Saini
Oct 28, 2019·Environment International·Lindsay M JaacksDorairaj Prabhakaran

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