Occurrence, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and pesticides in wastewater stabilization ponds and receiving rivers in the Nzoia Basin, Kenya

The Science of the Total Environment
Kenneth Otieno K'orejeKristof Demeestere

Abstract

Although there is increased global environmental concern about emerging organic micropollutants (EOMPs) such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs) and polar pesticides, limited information is available on their occurrence in Africa. This study presents unique data on concentrations and loads of 31 PPCPs and 10 pesticides in four wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) and receiving rivers (flowing through urban centres) in Kenya. The WSPs indicate a high potential to remove pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) with removals by up to >4 orders of magnitude (>99.99% removal), mainly occurring at the facultative stage. However, there are large differences in removal among the different classes, and a shift in the relative PhACs occurrence is observed during wastewater treatment. Whereas the influent is dominated by high-consumption PhACs like anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. paracetamol and ibuprofen, up to 1000 μg L-1), the most recalcitrant PhACs including mainly antibiotics (e.g. sulfadoxin and sulfamethoxazole) and antiretrovirals (e.g. lamivudine and nevirapine) are largely abundant (up to 100 μg L-1) in treated effluent. Overall, concentrations of EOMPs in the Nzoia Basin rivers are the highest in dry season (ex...Continue Reading

Citations

Sep 11, 2019·Water Environment Research : a Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation·Archie NgLokesh P Padhye
Sep 22, 2020·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Olatayo M OgunbanwoLee E Brown
Mar 25, 2021·Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology·Chukwuebuka EgbunaOrish E Orisakwe
Mar 30, 2021·Journal of Environmental Management·Nawal TaoufikNoureddine Barka
Apr 27, 2021·Small·Ehsan Nazarzadeh ZareMika Sillanpää
Aug 28, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Minja BogunovićIvana Ivančev-Tumbas

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