Occurrence, genotyping, and health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational lakes in Tianjin, China

Water Research
Shumin XiaoSike Hu

Abstract

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are critical parasites in the etiology of diarrhea worldwide, and often cause waterborne outbreaks. The presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational lakes was investigated with molecular characterization, and a comprehensive quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of protozoan infections was performed, considering multiple exposure pathways, differences in age, sex, and disease severity, and the genotypes of the protozoa. Forty-three (82.7%) and 51 (98.1%) water samples were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, respectively, with average counts of 3.65 oocysts/10 L and 12.58 cysts/10 L, respectively. Six Cryptosporidium species and three Giardia lamblia assemblages were confirmed with molecular analyses. The protozoan concentration was significantly associated with water turbidity, but not with the total coliform numbers. Swimming in the lakes entailed the highest incidence risk of 5.72 × 10-4 per person per year (pppy) (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03-43.33 × 10-4) for Cryptosporidium and 4.04 × 10-4 pppy (95% CI: 0.01-32.66 × 10-4) for Giardia, whereas wading entailed the lowest risk (2.20 × 10-4 and 1.70 × 10-4 pppy, respectively). The annual burdens attribut...Continue Reading

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