Occurrence of bacterial and toxic metals contamination in illegal opioid-like drugs in Iran: a significant health challenge in drug abusers

Daru : Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Rassoul AghababaeiDavoud Ahmadimoghaddam

Abstract

The toxic metals and/or bacterial contaminants in illicit drugs are the main health problems in drug users worldwide. Hence, the potential risks of these contaminants were evaluated in some of the illicit drugs during 2015 and 2016. The metals analysis were performed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In addition, all microbiological analysis stages, including handling procedures, dilution, and culture media, were conducted in accordance with the US Pharmacopeia (USP) which are harmonized with the European Pharmacopoeia (EP). In the present study, the highest lead (Pb; 138.10 ± 75.01 μg/g) and chromium (Cr; 447.38 ± 20.27 μg/g) levels were detected in opium samples. In addition, the highest prevalence of microbial contamination was observed in opium samples, and the lowest was recorded in heroin samples. Clostridium tetani, with about 50% of contaminant, was the most common bacteria in the analyzed samples. Our results indicate that Pb exposure as well as bacterial contamination could be the major threats for drug users. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

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Citations

Oct 31, 2018·Daru : Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences·Jonathan SchimmelOmid Mehrpour
Jul 18, 2020·Scientific Reports·Nasim ZamaniAli-Asghar Kolahi
May 12, 2019·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Dara DastanAmir Nili-Ahmadabadi
Nov 28, 2020·Biological Trace Element Research·Reza TabriziHamed Akbari
Nov 25, 2020·Journal of Ethnopharmacology·Mohammad ZareiSaeed Mohammadi
Oct 28, 2020·Biological Trace Element Research·Zahra KhodabandehNegar Azarpira
Mar 11, 2021·Journal of Ethnopharmacology·Davoud AhmadimoghaddamIraj Salehi
Sep 6, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Nammamali AzadiMaryam Khanegi
Apr 24, 2020·Journal of Pharmacopuncture·Niloofar AmidiDavoud Ahmadimoghaddam

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