PMID: 9160038May 1, 1997Paper

Ocular and orbital trauma from water balloon slingshots. A clinical, epidemiologic, and experimental study

Ophthalmology
J D BullockR J Bullock

Abstract

The authors report the findings of 17 patients with ophthalmic injuries produced by launched water balloons; they determine water balloon kinetic energies in experimental and theoretical studies. Six case summaries are presented; one case report was retrieved from the literature; ten injuries were reported to the Consumer Product Safety Commission. Energies were determined by field trials and calculations. Injuries included periorbital edema and ecchymoses, orbital contusions and hematomas, maxillary sinus hematomas, facial hypesthesia, eyelid lacerations, subconjunctival hemorrhages, corneal edema and abrasions, hyphemas, traumatic iritis, iris sphincter ruptures, iris atrophy, angle recession, iridodialysis, traumatic cataract, vitreous hemorrhages, retinal hemorrhages, macular hole formation, optic atrophy, and bony orbital wall fractures. Epidemiologic analysis revealed that children and young adults, more often males, were injured, most commonly in the warm weather months. In field trials, maximum water balloon velocities ranged from 38 to 41 m/sec (85-92 mph) with kinetic energies from 176 to 245 joules; by calculation, maximum velocities ranged from 42 to 54 m/sec (95-121 mph) with kinetic energies from 141 to 232 joules...Continue Reading

Citations

Nov 27, 2008·Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Für Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie·Patricia J Pahk, Ron A Adelman
Apr 21, 1998·Survey of Ophthalmology·J D BullockG H Bullock
Oct 12, 2000·Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries·N F SchrageM Reim
Jul 20, 2002·International Ophthalmology Clinics·Joseph Anthony J Tumbocon, Mark A Latina
Aug 12, 2014·Journal of Ophthalmology·Medi EslaniAli R Djalilian
Feb 15, 2011·Journal of Biomechanics·Ashley A WeaverJoel D Stitzel
Jun 19, 2007·Survey of Ophthalmology·Petros I Rafailidis, Matthew E Falagas
Jul 1, 2020·Micromachines·Renhao LuEsak Lee
Jun 12, 2019·Military Medical Research·Timothy E HollandJared G Brinkerhoff
Nov 3, 1998·Anaesthesia·M P Margarson, N Soni

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