Ocular Manifestations of Alzheimer's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Prospect of the Eye as a Tool for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease

Journal of Ophthalmology
Pade ColligrisJesus Pintor

Abstract

Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a major disorder, leading to several ocular manifestations amongst the elderly population. These visual disorders may be due to retinal nerve degenerative changes, including nerve fibre layer thinning, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and changes to vascular parameters. There is no cure for Alzheimer's, but medicines can slow down the development of many of the classic symptoms, such as loss of memory and communication skills, mood swings, and depression. The disease diagnosis is difficult, and it is only possible through PET scans of the brain, detecting evidence of the accumulation of amyloid and tau. PET is expensive and invasive, requiring the injection of radioactive tracers, which bind with these proteins and glow during scanning. Recently, scientists developed promising eye-scan techniques that may detect Alzheimer's disease at its earliest stage, before major symptoms appear, leading to improved management of the disease symptoms. In this review, we are discussing the visual abnormalities of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, focused on ocular functional-visual-structural biomarkers, retinal pathology, and potential novel diagnostic tools.

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Citations

Mar 17, 2020·Indian Journal of Ophthalmology·Ajay K Singh, Shilpa Verma
Apr 30, 2020·Journal of Neuroinflammation·Haihan JiaoHolly R Chinnery
Oct 15, 2019·Frontiers in Neuroscience·Sapana SharmaVasudharani Devanathan
Sep 29, 2020·Frontiers in Neuroscience·Emanuele BraiLavinia Alberi
May 1, 2020·Frontiers in Neuroscience·Cameron LenahanJohn H Zhang
Oct 13, 2020·Frontiers in Neuroscience·Nazanin MirzaeiMaya Koronyo-Hamaoui
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May 13, 2021·Alzheimer's & Dementia : Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring·Umma HabibaMourad Tayebi
Jul 6, 2021·Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology·Sabrina CarrellaAlessia Indrieri
Sep 9, 2021·Current Opinion in Ophthalmology·Vivian Paraskevi DouglasDean M Cestari

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
transgenic
imaging technique

Clinical Trials Mentioned

NCT02253732
NCT00001972
NCT02360527
NCT01621841
NCT01555827
NCT03420807
NCT03233646
NCT02663531
NCT03030586
NCT03330353

Software Mentioned

OCTA

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