On the Metal Cofactor in the Tyrosinase Family

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Francisco Solano

Abstract

The production of pigment in mammalian melanocytes requires the contribution of at least three melanogenic enzymes, tyrosinase and two other accessory enzymes called the tyrosinase-related proteins (Trp1 and Trp2), which regulate the type and amount of melanin. The last two proteins are paralogues to tyrosinase, and they appeared late in evolution by triplication of the tyrosinase gene. Tyrosinase is a copper-enzyme, and Trp2 is a zinc-enzyme. Trp1 has been more elusive, and the direct identification of its metal cofactor has never been achieved. However, due to its enzymatic activity and similarities with tyrosinase, it has been assumed as a copper-enzyme. Recently, recombinant human tyrosinase and Trp1 have been expressed in enough amounts to achieve for the first time their crystallization. Unexpectedly, it has been found that Trp1 contains a couple of Zn(II) at the active site. This review discusses data about the metal cofactor of tyrosinase and Trps. It points out differences in the studied models, and it proposes some possible points accounting for the apparent discrepancies currently appearing. Moreover, some proposals about the possible flexibility of the tyrosinase family to uptake copper or zinc are discussed.

References

Nov 1, 1978·The Journal of Investigative Dermatology·A Logan, B Weatherhead
May 11, 1992·FEBS Letters·A K ChakrabortyJ M Pawelek
Jun 1, 1990·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·R Halaban, G Moellmann
Oct 15, 1991·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·B S KwonK K Kim
May 11, 1990·Nucleic Acids Research·T CohenS Shibahara
Mar 1, 1989·Pigment Cell Research·V J Hearing, M Jiménez
Nov 1, 1987·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·B S KwonR Halaban
Mar 25, 1986·Nucleic Acids Research·S ShibaharaR Müller
Jun 1, 1988·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·I J Jackson
Jan 1, 1980·The Journal of Investigative Dermatology·A Logan, B Weatherhead
Jul 1, 1980·The Journal of Investigative Dermatology·G Prota
Aug 1, 1980·The Journal of Investigative Dermatology·A M Körner, J Pawelek
Oct 1, 1994·Pigment Cell Research·A J WinderH Rorsman
Apr 28, 1994·Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta·K UrabeV J Hearing
Jan 15, 1996·The Biochemical Journal·F SolanoJ A Lozano
Dec 24, 1997·The Journal of Investigative Dermatology·Y XuA N Houghton
Feb 17, 1998·Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications·M FurumuraV J Hearing
Nov 21, 1998·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·T KobayashiV J Hearing
Dec 10, 1998·Nature Structural Biology·T KlabundeB Krebs
May 21, 1999·Science·S J Lippard
Jul 9, 1999·Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists·S SatoH Yamamoto
Aug 12, 1999·Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications·N Branza-NichitaS M Petrescu
Mar 14, 2000·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·N Branza-NichitaS M Petrescu
Apr 1, 2000·Current Opinion in Chemical Biology·A C Rosenzweig, T V O'Halloran
Nov 25, 2000·Human Molecular Genetics·M J PetrisJ F Mercer
Jun 9, 2001·Veterinary Ophthalmology·D.A. SamuelsonR.D. Whitley
Jul 14, 2001·Molecular Biology of the Cell·M HuizingR E Boissy
May 25, 2002·Pigment Cell Research·José C García-Borrón, Francisco Solano
Mar 27, 2003·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Harry B Gray

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Sep 15, 2018·Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology·Zhike ZhouMin Li
May 12, 2019·Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research·Monika B DolinskaYuri V Sergeev
Apr 2, 2020·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Francisco Solano
Jun 15, 2018·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Lucia PanzellaKenzo Koike
Dec 19, 2018·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Alessandra Napolitano, Shosuke Ito
Aug 9, 2020·International Journal of Dermatology·Hua-Ching Chang, Chih-Wei Sung
Jul 26, 2018·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Raffaella MicilloConchi Olivares
Jun 19, 2019·Nutrition in Clinical Practice : Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition·Marco AltarelliMette M Berger
Jun 25, 2020·Marine Drugs·Krishnapriya ThiyagarasaiyarYoon-Yen Yow
Apr 9, 2021·Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition·Víctor Toro-RománMarcos Maynar-Mariño
Jun 3, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Alexandra Virginia Bounegru, Constantin Apetrei
Jun 3, 2021·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Richelly CardosoCláudio Nahum Alves
May 23, 2021·Integrative and Comparative Biology·Linh LeMichael S Marks
Aug 27, 2021·Metabolites·Laura M ColeMalcolm R Clench
Apr 26, 2020·Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Biomembranes·Pattama WiriyasermkulShushi Nagamori

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.