Oncolytic Viruses and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Preclinical Developments to Clinical Trials.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
June Kyu HwangChae-Ok Yun

Abstract

Immuno-oncology (IO) has been an active area of oncology research. Following US FDA approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), ipilimumab (human IgG1 k anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody), in 2011, and of the first oncolytic virus, Imlygic (talimogene laherparepvec), in 2015, there has been renewed interest in IO. In the past decade, ICIs have changed the treatment paradigm for many cancers by enabling better therapeutic control, resuming immune surveillance, suppressing tumor immunosuppression, and restoring antitumor immune function. However, ICI therapies are effective only in a small subset of patients and show limited therapeutic potential due to their inability to demonstrate efficacy in 'cold' or unresponsive tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Relatedly, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been shown to induce antitumor immune responses, augment the efficacy of existing cancer treatments, and reform unresponsive TME to turn 'cold' tumors 'hot,' increasing their susceptibility to checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. For this reason, OVs serve as ideal complements to ICIs, and multiple preclinical studies and clinical trials are demonstrating their combined therapeutic efficacy. This review will discuss the merits and lim...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 5, 2021·International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer·Wenfeng LiuWenbo Zhu
Jul 10, 2021·Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy·Ruixue Huang, Ping-Kun Zhou
Oct 31, 2021·Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII·Divya RaviralaXiaoliu Zhang

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Datasets Mentioned

BETA
GM-CSF

Methods Mentioned

BETA
genetic modification
genetic modifications
biopsies
xenograft
surgical resection

Clinical Trials Mentioned

NCT01740297
NCT03714334
NCT03896568
NCT03178032
NCT02798406
NCT03003676
NCT02636036
NCT04387461
NCT03172819
NCT02263508

Software Mentioned

Imlygic
CLEVER

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