Options for Dealing with Pressure Dependence of Pulse Wave Velocity as a Measure of Arterial Stiffness: An Update of Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) and CAVI0

Pulse
Bart SpronckAlberto P Avolio

Abstract

Pulse wave velocity (PWV), a marker of arterial stiffness, is known to change instantaneously with changes in blood pressure. In this mini-review, we discuss two main approaches for handling the blood pressure dependence of PWV: (1) converting PWV into a pressure-independent index, and (2) correcting PWV per se for the pressure dependence. Under option 1, we focus on cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). CAVI is essentially a form of stiffness index β - CAVI is estimated for a (heart-to-ankle) trajectory, whereas β is estimated for a single artery from pressure and diameter measurements. Stiffness index β, and therefore also CAVI, have been shown to theoretically exhibit a slight residual blood pressure dependence due to the use of diastolic blood pressure instead of a fixed reference blood pressure. Additionally, CAVI exhibits pressure dependence due to the use of an estimated derivative of the pressure-diameter relationship. In this mini-review, we will address CAVI's blood pressure dependence theoretically, but also statistically. Furthermore, we review corrected indices (CAVI0 and β0) that theoretically do not show a residual blood pressure dependence. Under option 2, three ways of correcting PWV are reviewed: (1) using an ex...Continue Reading

References

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Jun 1, 2017·Journal of Hypertension·Bart SpronckTammo Delhaas

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Citations

Dec 12, 2018·American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology·Koen D Reesink, Bart Spronck
Apr 16, 2019·Journal of Biomechanical Engineering·Bart Spronck, Jay Humphrey
Dec 14, 2019·Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing·Xiaorong DingHon Ki Tsang
Apr 16, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Bart SpronckIngrid Tonhajzerova
Aug 15, 2020·Frontiers in Physiology·Jochen SteppanLakshmi Santhanam
Mar 1, 2018·Journal of Hypertension·Bart SpronckTammo Delhaas
Feb 11, 2021·American Journal of Hypertension·Myrthe van der BruggenKoen D Reesink
Jul 12, 2021·Heart, Lung & Circulation·Bart Spronck
Dec 23, 2021·Hypertension Research : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension·Kazuya IshidaAtsuhiro Ichihara

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