Outbreak of diarrhoea among participants of a triathlon and a duathlon on 12 July 2015 in Utrecht, the Netherlands

Epidemiology and Infection
Saara ParkkaliWilfrid van Pelt

Abstract

On 12 July 2015, a triathlon competition with 900 participants took place in Utrecht, the Netherlands. An outbreak investigation was initiated after 56 participants reported health complaints. An online questionnaire was sent to 700 participants. Stool specimens from six participants and four water specimens were collected from the swimming location. A total of 239 participants completed the questionnaire (response rate: 34%), 73 (31%) of them met the case definition for acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI). A total of 67% of the respondents were male and the median age was 38 years. Almost half (42%) of swimmers reported health complaints. Consumption of energy drinks and ingesting ⩾3 mouthfuls of canal water were identified as risk factors for AGI among swimmers only (adjusted relative risks (aRR) 1·6; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1·0-2·5 and aRR 2·6; 95% CI 1·5-4·8). The collected water specimens tested positive for norovirus genogroup I and rotavirus and stool specimens tested positive for norovirus genogroup II. Our findings indicate that the outbreak could have been caused by exposure to norovirus during swimming. Swimmers should get information about the health risks for making an informed choice about participating. Fo...Continue Reading

References

May 1, 1998·International Journal of Epidemiology·A Prüss
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Nov 26, 2010·Water Research·A Peter Wyn-JonesMark Wyer
Aug 23, 2011·Applied and Environmental Microbiology·Scot R SeitzChristine L Moe

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Citations

Apr 11, 2019·Current Sports Medicine Reports·Matthew ChamberlainSteven Keeler
Jun 12, 2020·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·José Miguel Martínez-SanzAntonio J Sánchez-Oliver

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