Pain II: new approaches to management

Annals of Neurology
H L Fields

Abstract

There is an intrinsic analgesia system in the brain with both endogenous opioid and biogenic amine links. This system provides a basis for understanding how different therapeutic approaches relieve pain. The present review critically evaluates the analgesic efficacy of the following therapies: placebo administration, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture, intrathecal and epidural opiate injection, electrical stimulation of the brain, and psychotropic drugs.

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Citations

Jul 1, 1988·Journal of General Internal Medicine·M J Smith, N M Jensen
Aug 3, 1984·European Journal of Pharmacology·K E Isenberg, T J Cicero
Jan 29, 2003·Journal of Pain and Symptom Management·Hilary PavisAnthony Fisher
Apr 4, 2002·Japanese Journal of Pharmacology·Saeid GolbidiValiollahe Hajhashemi
Apr 1, 1995·The International Journal of Neuroscience·R Sandyk, L C Dann
Jan 9, 2016·The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine : Research on Paradigm, Practice, and Policy·Hugh MacPhersonPeter M Wayne
Apr 23, 2004·Pain Medicine : the Official Journal of the American Academy of Pain Medicine·Marcos Fe-BornsteinMelvin C Gitlin
Mar 24, 2006·Journal of Endodontics·Angela Suzanne Mudie, Graham Rex Holland

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