para-Phenylenediamine induces apoptosis through activation of reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway, and inhibition of the NF-κB, mTOR, and Wnt pathways in human urothelial cells

Environmental Toxicology
Kasi ReenaSoi Moi Chye

Abstract

para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) has long been used in two-thirds of permanent oxidative hair dye formulations. Epidemiological studies and in vivo studies have shown that hair dye is a suspected carcinogen of bladder cancer. However, the toxicity effects of PPD to human bladder remains elusive. In this study, the effects of PPD and its involvement in the apoptosis pathways in human urothelial cells (UROtsa) was investigated. It was demonstrated that PPD decreased cell viability and increased the number of sub-G1 hypodiploid cells in UROtsa cells. Cell death due to apoptosis was detected using Annexin V binding assay. Further analysis showed PPD generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced mitochondrial dysfunction through the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased caspase-3 level in UROtsa cells. Western blot analysis of PPD-treated UROtsa cells showed down-regulation of phosphorylated proteins from NF-κB, mTOR, and Wnt pathways. In conclusion, PPD induced apoptosis via activation of ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway, and possibly through inhibition of NF-κB, mTOR, and Wnt pathways. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 265-277, 2017.

References

Jan 1, 1994·Urological Research·J L PetzoldtJ R Masters
Feb 2, 1994·Journal of the National Cancer Institute·M J ThunC W Heath
Jan 1, 1995·Urological Research·J L PetzoldtJ R Masters
Apr 14, 1999·Cell Death and Differentiation·A G Porter, R U Jänicke
Apr 17, 1999·Cellular Signalling·H Kamata, H Hirata
May 9, 2000·American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology·B E JonesM J Czaja
Mar 17, 2001·International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer·M Gago-DominguezR K Ross
Apr 12, 2001·Contact Dermatitis·S A Devos, P G Van Der Valk
Dec 18, 2001·International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer·S J Henley, M J Thun
Jul 2, 2002·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Harvey E Marshall, Jonathan S Stamler
Jan 21, 2004·Molecular Cell·Keiko TamaiXi He
Jun 23, 2004·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·Frédérique Hueber-BeckerHervé Toutain
Sep 8, 2004·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·Gerhard J NohynekHerve Toutain
Oct 27, 2004·Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research·Wallace H MondesireFunda Meric-Bernstam
May 26, 2005·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·Bahi TakkoucheAgustín Montes-Martínez
Jul 21, 2005·Free Radical Research·María J CuevasJavier González-Gallego
Feb 14, 2006·Toxicology in Vitro : an International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA·Ssu-Ching ChenSoi-Moi Chye
Feb 14, 2006·Cell·Stephan WullschlegerMichael N Hall
Feb 16, 2006·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·Jianxun Xie, Zahir A Shaikh
Jan 26, 2007·Cytometry. Part a : the Journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology·Malgorzata KajsturaZbigniew Darzynkiewicz
Jun 15, 2007·Toxicologic Pathology·Susan Elmore
Jun 21, 2007·Molecular Cancer Research : MCR·Fu-Sheng ChouJoseph J Pinzone
Oct 14, 2008·Trends in Cell Biology·Mariana Brocardo, Beric R Henderson
Mar 13, 2009·Organogenesis·Yuko Komiya, Raymond Habas
Oct 31, 2009·Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN·Wilfred Lieberthal, Jerrold S Levine
Feb 17, 2010·Toxicology in Vitro : an International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA·S C ChenS M Chye
Nov 26, 2010·Cell Research·Vincent Feng-Sheng ShihAlexander Hoffmann
Jun 17, 2011·International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer·Stella KoutrosMargaret R Karagas
Jul 27, 2011·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Desheng LuDennis A Carson
Sep 29, 2011·Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research : CR·Rebecca S Y Wong
Nov 6, 2012·Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology·Chien-Min HungDavid A Guertin
Jan 30, 2013·Toxicology in Vitro : an International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA·A ArandaL Gombau

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Dec 20, 2020·Cellular Signalling·Guanlin WuGang Fan
May 21, 2021·Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT·Liliang YuXueqing Liu

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Related Feeds

Bladder Carcinoma In Situ

Bladder Carcinoma In Situ is a superficial bladder cancer that occurs on the surface layer of the bladder. Discover the latest research on this precancerous condition in this feed.

Apoptotic Caspases

Apoptotic caspases belong to the protease enzyme family and are known to play an essential role in inflammation and programmed cell death. Here is the latest research.

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a specific process that leads to programmed cell death through the activation of an evolutionary conserved intracellular pathway leading to pathognomic cellular changes distinct from cellular necrosis