Abstract
Paraquat dichloride (N,N-dimethyl-4-4'-bipiridinium, PQ) is an extremely toxic chemical that is widely used in herbicides. PQ generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causes multiple organ failure. In particular, PQ has been reported to be an immunotoxic agrochemical compound. PQ was shown to decrease the number of macrophages in rats and suppress monocyte phagocytic activity in mice. However, the effect of PQ on macrophage cell viability remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of PQ on the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 and its possible mechanism of action. RAW264.7 cells were treated with PQ (0, 75, and 150 μM), and cellular apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and intracellular ROS levels were determined. Morphological changes to the cell nucleus and cellular apoptosis were also evaluated by DAPI and Annexin V staining, respectively. In this study, PQ induced apoptotic cell death by dose-dependently decreasing MMP. Additionally, PQ increased the cleaved form of caspase-3, an apoptotic marker. In conclusion, PQ induces apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Thus, our study improves our knowledge of PQ-induced toxicity, and may give us a greate...Continue Reading
References
Jan 1, 1979·Clinical Toxicology·T J Haley
Mar 9, 1993·Biochemical Pharmacology·T C LeeC W Wu
Jul 11, 1998·Carcinogenesis·M DusinskáA Collins
Dec 24, 1998·Infection and Immunity·N M ZirkH K Ziegler
Apr 9, 1999·Journal of Neural Transmission·X Li, A Y Sun
May 27, 1999·The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society·D A Hughes
Aug 24, 1999·Cell Biology International·G CappellettiR Maci
Jan 5, 2000·Oncogene·W FiersP Vandenabeele
Mar 14, 2001·Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis·A Don Porto CareroB Nemery
Jan 23, 2003·International Immunopharmacology·Víctor Manuel VíctorMónica De la Fuente
Mar 24, 2004·Toxicology·E Zabihi NeishabouriS N Ostad
Mar 24, 2004·International Immunopharmacology·Victor M VictorMonica De la Fuente
Apr 20, 2004·Toxicology Letters·Sten Orrenius
Jul 2, 2004·American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine·Marc B SchenkerLaurel A Beckett
Aug 3, 2004·Science·Douglas R Green, Guido Kroemer
Jun 21, 2005·Journal of Cellular Physiology·Lili LuPeter A Campochiaro
Nov 30, 2005·Journal of Internal Medicine·B Fadeel, S Orrenius
May 20, 2006·Cell Death and Differentiation·J E ChipukD R Green
Dec 1, 2006·Apoptosis : an International Journal on Programmed Cell Death·Yoshihide Tsujimoto, Shigeomi Shimizu
Mar 29, 2007·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Pablo R CastelloManisha Patel
Mar 28, 2008·Growth Factors·Marlene Jimenez Del Rio, Carlos Velez-Pardo
Nov 10, 2009·Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology : CBP·María Alejandra Mussi, Nora B Calcaterra
Jan 5, 2010·Free Radical Biology & Medicine·Magdalena L Circu, Tak Yee Aw
Mar 30, 2010·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·B RiahiG Karimi
Jul 17, 2010·Brain Research·Lei ShiZhimin Wang
Oct 5, 2010·Chemico-biological Interactions·Panagiotis Mitsopoulos, Zacharias E Suntres
Feb 9, 2011·Journal of Immunotoxicology·Bamdad RiahiGholamreza Karimi
Jul 8, 2011·Experimental & Molecular Medicine·Hoon KimJin Hong Min
Jul 19, 2011·Developmental Cell·Jean-Claude Martinou, Richard J Youle
Nov 15, 2011·Cell·Yaron Fuchs, Hermann Steller
May 15, 2013·The Journal of Toxicological Sciences·Hyo Jin KangInsoo Bae
Jul 4, 2013·Journal of Veterinary Science·Sijun DengZuping He
Apr 10, 2014·PloS One·Xiaolong WangHengguang Zhao
Jan 1, 2012·World Journal of Emergency Medicine·Zhi-Qiang ChengHong-Xia Ma
Citations
Nov 22, 2015·Archives of Pharmacal Research·Sun-Myung YoonSe-Young Choung
Dec 10, 2015·Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine·Muhammad KhanTonghui Ma
Feb 24, 2016·Biomolecules & Therapeutics·Jingyun YaoRenxiang Tan
May 22, 2016·Redox Biology·Gavin PharaohHolly Van Remmen
Sep 15, 2016·Inflammation·Jiaoyang LiWei Chong
May 11, 2016·The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology : Official Journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology·Jun Ho KimJae Youl Cho
Jun 20, 2019·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Yiming ShaoZhijun Zhou
Jul 20, 2019·PloS One·Nelson OsuagwuCharalampos Tzoulis
Aug 15, 2019·Ocular Immunology and Inflammation·Jung Lo, Linda Yi-Chieh Poon
Dec 14, 2018·Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine·Shunlin HuJing Zhang
Apr 25, 2018·Toxicological Research·Jong-Hyun NhoJong-Choon Kim
Nov 12, 2019·Frontiers in Pharmacology·Jing-Yu QianZheng-Ping Yu
Oct 22, 2020·Scientific Reports·Zhengli YangZhijun Zhou
Dec 11, 2020·Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology·Joel JamesRuslan Rafikov
May 22, 2021·Science Progress·Xiaogen TaoXiangdong Jian
Jul 4, 2019·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·Xiangjun ZhangRuibing Wang
Oct 6, 2021·Drug and Chemical Toxicology·Nastaran KhorashadizadehLeila Etemad