Paroxysmal Tonic Upgaze in Children: Three Case Reports and a Review of the Literature

Pediatric Emergency Care
Ayse Kartal

Abstract

In clinical practice, nonepileptic paroxysmal events during infancy and childhood are common reasons for parents and caregivers to seek for medical advice. These events are mostly unrecognized and considered as an epileptic seizure because of the clinical features resembling an epileptic seizure. Paroxysmal tonic upgaze, which consists of recurrent episodes of sustained upward deviation of the eyes and incomplete downward saccades, and normal horizontal eye movements without impairment of consciousness, is a diagnostic challenge for the pediatrician and pediatric neurologist. In general, the entity was defined as an apparently benign phenomenon with normal investigations and eventual complete resolution of the symptoms, although some authors reported on patients with associated neurologic signs, such as ataxia, developmental delay, and abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging finding. The patients were 3 children (1 boy and 2 girls) who were between 5 and 18 months old experiencing rapid ocular movements with sustained conjugate upward deviation of the eyes. Their attacks, which were recorded using a video or electroencephalogram system, were also investigated comprehensively, including neurologic examination, electroencephalo...Continue Reading

References

Jul 1, 1988·Journal of Child Neurology·R A Ouvrier, F Billson
Apr 1, 1995·Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology·H SugieY Matsui
Apr 18, 1998·Annals of Neurology·M HaymanL K Shield
Mar 2, 2005·Brain & Development·Robert Ouvrier, Frank Billson
Sep 2, 2008·Journal of Neurology·Agathe RoubertieElisabeth Tournier-Lasserve
May 18, 2012·European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : EJPN : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society·Cinzia SalminaGian Paolo Ramelli
Jan 18, 2015·European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : EJPN : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society·Lubov BlumkinTally Lerman-Sagie

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Citations

Feb 4, 2021·The Journal of International Medical Research·Yan-Feng ZhangJian-Min Liang

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