Patient perspectives on racial and ethnic implicit bias in clinical encounters: Implications for curriculum development

Patient Education and Counseling
Cristina M GonzalezM Diane McKee

Abstract

Patients describe feelings of bias and prejudice in clinical encounters; however, their perspectives on restoring the encounter once bias is perceived are not known. Implicit bias has emerged as a target for curricular interventions. In order to inform the design of novel patient-centered curricular interventions, this study explores patients' perceptions of bias, and suggestions for restoring relationships if bias is perceived. The authors conducted bilingual focus groups with purposive sampling of self-identified Black and Latino community members in the US. Data were analyzed using grounded theory. Ten focus groups (in English (6) and Spanish (4)) with N = 74 participants occurred. Data analysis revealed multiple influences patients' perception of bias in their physician encounters. The theory emerging from the analysis suggests if bias is perceived, the outcome of the encounter can still be positive. A positive or negative outcome depends on whether the physician acknowledges this perceived bias or not, and his or her subsequent actions. Participant lived experience and physician behaviors influence perceptions of bias, however clinical relationships can be restored following perceived bias. Providers might benefit from ski...Continue Reading

Citations

Oct 12, 2018·Journal of General Internal Medicine·Cristina M Gonzalez, Monica L Lypson
May 22, 2019·Ethnicity & Health·Ariela Popper-Giveon
Apr 18, 2019·Journal of General Internal Medicine·Cristina M GonzalezMelissa D McKee
Sep 20, 2019·Perspectives on Medical Education·Javeed SukheraCristina M Gonzalez
May 29, 2020·Spinal Cord Series and Cases·Maggi A BuddMichael Ashley Stein
Jan 25, 2020·Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges·Javeed SukheraCristina M Gonzalez
Feb 12, 2019·Journal of Transcultural Nursing : Official Journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society·Alice M TeallJanine Overcash
Sep 6, 2020·Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges·Cristina M GonzalezPaul R Marantz
Feb 9, 2021·Medical Teacher·Cristina M GonzalezJaveed Sukhera
Dec 29, 2020·Nursing Forum·Candace W BurtonJessica Draughon Moret
Feb 6, 2021·Medical Education·Cristina M GonzalezJaveed Sukhera
Oct 25, 2020·Patient Education and Counseling·Serena PhillipsSimona C Kwon
Jun 19, 2021·Journal of the National Medical Association·Natalia RodriguezCristina M Gonzalez
Jun 28, 2021·Annals of Emergency Medicine·Nicole M FranksSheryl L Heron
Sep 9, 2021·Irish Journal of Medical Science·Bahman AhadinezhadAilar Hashtroodi

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