Patterns of free (unconjugated) buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and their glucuronides in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Journal of Analytical Toxicology
Gwendolyn A McMillinDavid E Moody

Abstract

Patterns of buprenorphine and metabolites were examined in 1946 positive urine samples analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for free (unconjugated) buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine (quantitative, 2 to 1000 ng/mL) and buprenorphine-glucuronide (B3G) and norbuprenorphine-glucuronide (N3G) (semi-quantitative, 5 to 1000 ng/mL). Two distribution patterns predominated with 49.1% positive for norbuprenorphine, B3G, and N3G and 41.6% positive for buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, B3G, and N3G. Buprenorphine, positive in 45.5% of samples, was mostly < 5 ng/mL (median 6.1 ng/mL), but 9.8% were > 1000 ng/mL. Norbuprenorphine, B3G, and N3G had semi-Gaussian distributions with medians of 64.7, 108, and 432 ng/mL, respectively. With buprenorphine < 100 ng/mL (767 samples) or ≥ 100 ng/mL (19 quantifiable samples), the respective median metabolic ratios (free norbuprenorphine/free buprenorphine) were 25.0 and 0.15. In 12 retested "> 1000 ng/mL" buprenorphine samples, free buprenorphine was 4160 to 39,400 ng/mL and free naloxone 2140 to 9560 ng/mL. In 87 subsequent samples with buprenorphine < 20 ng/mL, naloxone concentrations were < 50 ng/mL. Concentrations of buprenorphine > 100 ng/mL (particularly with low metabolite c...Continue Reading

References

Aug 1, 1977·British Journal of Pharmacology·A CowanI R Macfarlane
Mar 1, 1989·Journal of Analytical Toxicology·C W HandH J McQuay
Nov 4, 2000·The New England Journal of Medicine·R E JohnsonG E Bigelow
Aug 23, 2001·Forensic Science International : Synergy·P Kintz
Apr 3, 2003·Journal of Analytical Toxicology·V CirimeleB Ludes
Nov 11, 2003·Journal of Analytical Toxicology·Robert KronstrandMartin Josefsson
Mar 4, 2005·Drug Metabolism and Disposition : the Biological Fate of Chemicals·Nicolas PicardPierre Marquet
Mar 15, 2005·Harvard Review of Psychiatry·Elinore F McCance-Katz
Dec 31, 2005·Drug Metabolism and Disposition : the Biological Fate of Chemicals·Yan ChangElinore F McCance-Katz
Aug 2, 2006·Forensic Science International : Synergy·Siang Hui LaiDanny Siaw Teck Lo
Jun 9, 2007·Journal of Analytical Toxicology·S HegstadA S Christophersen
Jan 23, 2008·The Clinical Journal of Pain·Howard A Heit, Douglas L Gourlay
Nov 15, 2008·Journal of Analytical Toxicology·Robert KronstrandJohan Ahlner
Mar 21, 2009·Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease·Carlos M Ferrario
Jun 9, 2009·Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology·David E MoodyElinore F McCance-Katz
Oct 7, 2010·Journal of Addictive Diseases·Peter L Tenore

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Nov 28, 2012·Journal of Medical Toxicology : Official Journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology·Michael C Milone
Oct 8, 2013·Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences·Karen J Regina, Evan D Kharasch
Oct 16, 2013·Peptides·Richard J Bodnar
Mar 9, 2013·Journal of Analytical Toxicology·M A BirchR J Flanagan
Aug 29, 2013·Journal of Analytical Toxicology·Jon B Stephenson
Mar 25, 2015·Pain Medicine : the Official Journal of the American Academy of Pain Medicine·John D MarkmanTai C Kwong
Mar 21, 2013·Drug Testing and Analysis·Pertti HeikmanIlkka Ojanperä
Aug 5, 2015·Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences·K EckartR Urban
Oct 24, 2013·Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy·Gwendolyn A McMillinKamisha L Johnson-Davis
Sep 24, 2013·Forensic Science International : Synergy·Margareeta HäkkinenIlkka Ojanperä
Jun 20, 2017·British Journal of Biomedical Science·N W Brown
Nov 3, 2017·Laboratory Medicine·Roger L Bertholf, Gary M Reisfield
Feb 23, 2019·Critical Reviews in Toxicology·Andrea G BarthwellKenneth Egli
Oct 2, 2019·Clinical Chemistry·Brett Gall, Joe M El-Khoury
Jan 17, 2020·Addiction Science & Clinical Practice·Jill S WarringtonSamuel Francis-Fath

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.