Peripheral Nerve Regeneration and Muscle Reinnervation.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Tessa Gordon

Abstract

Injured peripheral nerves but not central nerves have the capacity to regenerate and reinnervate their target organs. After the two most severe peripheral nerve injuries of six types, crush and transection injuries, nerve fibers distal to the injury site undergo Wallerian degeneration. The denervated Schwann cells (SCs) proliferate, elongate and line the endoneurial tubes to guide and support regenerating axons. The axons emerge from the stump of the viable nerve attached to the neuronal soma. The SCs downregulate myelin-associated genes and concurrently, upregulate growth-associated genes that include neurotrophic factors as do the injured neurons. However, the gene expression is transient and progressively fails to support axon regeneration within the SC-containing endoneurial tubes. Moreover, despite some preference of regenerating motor and sensory axons to "find" their appropriate pathways, the axons fail to enter their original endoneurial tubes and to reinnervate original target organs, obstacles to functional recovery that confront nerve surgeons. Several surgical manipulations in clinical use, including nerve and tendon transfers, the potential for brief low-frequency electrical stimulation proximal to nerve repair, an...Continue Reading

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Citations

Apr 4, 2021·Brain Sciences·Wicharn YingsakmongkolVit Kotheeranurak
Apr 6, 2021·Neural Regeneration Research·Rui-Cheng ZhangDe-Qin Geng
Jun 3, 2021·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Meng ZhangPei-Xun Zhang
Jun 30, 2021·Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery·Anthony SanchezJennifer C Fuller
Jul 13, 2021·Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology·Benjamin R SlavinSami H Tuffaha
Jul 24, 2021·Emerging Topics in Life Sciences·James B Phillips

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