Peripheral vascular disease assessment in the lower limb: a review of current and emerging non-invasive diagnostic methods

Biomedical Engineering Online
Elham Shabani VarakiPaul P Breen

Abstract

Worldwide, at least 200 million people are affected by peripheral vascular diseases (PVDs), including peripheral arterial disease (PAD), chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The high prevalence and serious consequences of PVDs have led to the development of several diagnostic tools and clinical guidelines to assist timely diagnosis and patient management. Given the increasing number of diagnostic methods available, a comprehensive review of available technologies is timely in order to understand their limitations and direct future development effort. This paper reviews the available diagnostic methods for PAD, CVI, and DVT with a focus on non-invasive modalities. Each method is critically evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, ease of use, procedure time duration, and training requirements where applicable. This review emphasizes the limitations of existing methods, highlighting a latent need for the development of new non-invasive, efficient diagnostic methods. Some newly emerging technologies are identified, in particular wearable sensors, which demonstrate considerable potential to address the need for simple, cost-effective, accurate and timely diagnosis of PVDs.

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Citations

Aug 30, 2018·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Daniela LigiFerdinando Mannello
Aug 5, 2020·Journal of Medical Systems·Adriana Clemente MendonçaElaine Caldeira de Oliveira Guirro
Mar 14, 2020·Current Cardiology Reviews·Ertan YetkinHasan Turhan
Jun 30, 2021·Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing : Official Publication of the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society·Kathy Kump, Cathy Wogamon
Jul 31, 2021·American Journal of Preventive Cardiology·Harold E BaysPeter P Toth

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
light reflection
rheography

Software Mentioned

VOTI
HeMo
HeMo Hemodynamic Monitor

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