Persistent Muscle Twitching With Phenobarbitone in a Preterm Neonate-Lack of Response or Manifestation of Toxicity?

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Bhaskar KrishnamurthySourabh Dutta

Abstract

Phenobarbitone is frequently used for the treatment of seizures in neonates, but it has a narrow therapeutic index. A 28-week preterm infant born of vaginal delivery developed signs and symptoms suggestive of ventriculitis on day 9. After an episode of clonic seizures on day 11, phenobarbitone was administered intravenously at a loading dose of 20 mg/kg followed by maintenance doses of 6 mg/kg per day in 2 divided doses for 5 days. Due to suspected recurrence of seizures, a mini-loading dose of 10 mg/kg was administered on day 16; after which the child became unresponsive, hypotonic, and comatose with generalized slowing on electroencephalography. Pupils were dilated and fixed, and deep tendon reflexes were absent. Spontaneous respiration was depressed which resulted in ventilatory support. While awaiting the therapeutic drug monitoring results, 2 additional doses of 5 mg/kg of phenobarbitone were administered due to the persistence of muscle twitching. The phenobarbitone level (164 mcg/mL) was alarmingly above the normal range, warranting immediate discontinuation of the drug. This led to reduction in the plasma phenobarbitone levels into the therapeutic range (37 mcg/mL) over the next 10 days with subsequent improvement in th...Continue Reading

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