pH significantly affects removal of trace antibiotics in chlorination of municipal wastewater
Abstract
The effect of pH on chlorination behaviors of 12 antibiotics, including β-lactams, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, and others at environmentally relevant concentrations was systematically examined in the effluent matrix of activated sludge process. The removal of most antibiotics (except cefalexin and tetracycline) significantly depended on pH in the range of 5.5-8.5. The elimination rates of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, anhydro-erythromycin, and roxithromycin increased while that of sulfamethoxazole decreased significantly with the increase of pH. Sulfadiazine, ofloxacin, and trimethoprim exhibited the highest reactivity with free available chlorine under the pH of 6-7, 7, and 7.5, respectively. Not only the free available chlorine species (HOCl and OCl⁻), but also the antibiotics species (cationic, neutral and anionic) affected the overall reaction rate. Anionic antibiotic species are usually much more reactive (1-3 orders of magnitude greater) than cationic antibiotic species toward free available chlorine. Although OCl⁻ is a weaker oxidant than HOCl, chlorination of sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and trimethoprim with OCl⁻ became significant at pH > 7.5. The observed ki...Continue Reading
References
Evidencing generation of persistent ozonation products of antibiotics roxithromycin and trimethoprim
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