Inotropic agents alter the force or energy of muscular contractions. Negatively inotropic agents weaken the force of muscular contractions. Positively inotropic agents increase the strength of muscular contraction. Inotropic agents are used in hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure, with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and with signs of end-organ dysfunction in the setting of a low cardiac output, or with severe systolic heart failure awaiting heart transplant to maintain hemodynamic stability or as a bridge to decision. Discover the latest research on inotrpic agents and heart diseases here.

Neuromodulation refers to a physiological process in which a neuron uses chemical(s) to regulate a variety of neuronal populations. Discover the latest research on neuromodulation here.

Adrenergic receptor trafficking is an active physiological process where adrenergic receptors are relocated from one region of the cell to another or from one type of cell to another. Discover the latest research on adrenergic receptor trafficking here.