Abstract
The Dlx3 homeodomain gene is expressed in terminally differentiated murine epidermal cells. As demonstrated for differentiation-specific granular markers, Dlx3 is activated in primary mouse keratinocytes cultured in vitro by increasing the level of the extracellular Ca(2+). This activation is mediated through a protein kinase C-dependent (PKC) pathway. In this study, we investigated whether PKC can modulate the activity of murine Dlx3 protein. Using in vitro kinase assays, we show that PKC enzymes phosphorylate the Dlx3 protein. Using keratinocyte nuclear extracts for the kinase reaction, we determined that Dlx3 protein is phosphorylated, and the phosphorylation is inhibited by the PKC-specific inhibitor GF109203X, suggesting that Dlx3 is phosphorylated by PKC in vivo. Of the PKC isoforms present in the epidermis, we tested alpha, delta, epsilon and zeta. Dlx3 is primarily phosphorylated by PKC alpha. By deletion and mutational analysis, we show that the serine residue S(138), located in the homeodomain of Dlx3 protein, was specifically phosphorylated by PKC. The phosphorylation of purified Dlx3 proteins by PKC partially inhibited formation of complexes between Dlx3 protein and DNA. These results suggest that Dlx3 protein can b...Continue Reading
References
Jan 1, 1992·Molecular Carcinogenesis·A A DlugoszS H Yuspa
May 11, 1991·Nucleic Acids Research·N C Andrews, D V Faller
Sep 1, 1989·The Journal of Cell Biology·S H YuspaD R Roop
Mar 30, 1989·Nature·S M CohenH Jäckle
Nov 1, 1989·Journal of Cellular Physiology·R R IsseroffJ L Gross
Oct 1, 1994·Current Opinion in Genetics & Development·E Fuchs, C Byrne
Jan 1, 1993·The Journal of Cell Biology·A A Dlugosz, S H Yuspa
Mar 1, 1994·Developmental Biology·M I MorassoT D Sargent
Mar 1, 1996·The Journal of Investigative Dermatology·C StanwellA A Dlugosz
Oct 4, 1996·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·O CoqueretA Nepveu
Dec 1, 1996·The Journal of Cell Biology·M I MorassoT D Sargent
Jan 10, 1997·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·K NishikawaL C Cantley
Apr 18, 1998·Human Molecular Genetics·J A PriceT C Hart
Aug 26, 1998·Molecular and Cellular Biology·M OhbaT Kuroki
Dec 22, 1998·Molecular and Cellular Biology·H Kasahara, S Izumo
Jan 16, 1999·Nucleic Acids Research·J A FeledyT D Sargent
Sep 3, 1999·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·G T Park, M I Morasso
Jan 15, 2000·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·T Efimova, R L Eckert
Citations
Jan 15, 2002·Nucleic Acids Research·Geon Tae Park, Maria I Morasso
May 11, 2007·Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology·Maranke I Koster, Dennis R Roop
Jul 5, 2005·Molecular Endocrinology·Qingbo TangPamela L Mellon
Dec 10, 2009·PLoS Genetics·Seryun KimYong-Hwan Lee
Feb 3, 2016·Experimental Cell Research·Na ZhaoHailan Feng
Apr 27, 2011·Journal of Cellular Physiology·Antonella Di CostanzoViola Calabrò
Jul 24, 2004·Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity·Claudia PopaNicholas A Saunders
Aug 7, 2002·Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications·Mary E CostantinoDouglas S Darling
Jul 2, 2003·Mechanisms of Development·Kursad Turksen, Tammy-Claire Troy
Mar 7, 2008·Biology of Reproduction·Toshihiko EzashiR Michael Roberts
May 2, 2017·Oncogene·E RajaK Miyazono
Jun 16, 2004·FEBS Letters·Majbrit HjerrildThomas E Rasmussen
Jan 30, 2007·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Trung N LeDavid D Eisenstat
May 12, 2006·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Kathie A BerghornMark S Roberson
Feb 12, 2017·Cell Death and Differentiation·Elisabetta PalazzoMaria I Morasso