Photocatalytic mineralization of codeine by UV-A/TiO2-Kinetics, intermediates, and pathways

Journal of Hazardous Materials
Chin-Sheng KuoPui-Kwan Andy Hong

Abstract

This study investigated the photocatalytic degradation of codeine by UV-irradiated TiO2. The degradation kinetics was determined under varied conditions including the TiO2 loading, codeine concentration, and pH. Codeine and several reaction intermediates including morphine were identified and tracked during degradation using HPLC/MS-MS technique, along with TOC and IC measurements. Specifically, removal of 100μg/L of spike codeine was complete in 3min by contact with a 0.1g/L suspension of TiO2 under UV irradiation at pH 7. The degradation kinetics of codeine was first-order with respect to both the catalyst TiO2 and the reactant codeine, with enhanced reaction rates with increasing pH up to pH 9. Mineralization of codeine was possible upon prolonged contact; near complete mineralization of 10mg/L of codeine was achieved in 90min with 0.1g/L TiO2 under irradiation at pH 5, during which the organic nitrogen was converted to NH3-N (74%) and NO3-N (22%). Based on the identified intermediates, two degradation pathways were proposed of which one involved ipso-substitution followed by cleavage of the aromatic ring and another involved repeated hydroxylation of the codeine molecule followed by its fragmentation.

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Citations

Feb 13, 2018·Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research·Qun XiangTaku Fujiwara

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