Physiological changes during the menstrual cycle and their effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs

Clinical Pharmacokinetics
A D Kashuba, A N Nafziger

Abstract

There is an increasing awareness that the exclusion of women from clinical trials may lead to inaccurate application of drug therapy in women. Gender and estrus cycle differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in animals have been appreciated for over 60 years, but investigation into these differences in humans has only recently occurred. It is postulated that hormonal fluctuations within the menstrual cycle phase may be a primary cause of documented gender differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. Existing data suggest that menstrual cycle variations do occur in renal, cardiovascular, haematological and immune systems. These physiological changes could potentially impact on the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of drugs by altering properties, such as protein binding or the volume of distribution, and thereby causing significant effects at various times during the menstrual cycle. However, systematic investigations of physiological variability throughout the menstrual cycle are limited. Fluctuations in symptom severity and clinical course coinciding with the menstrual cycle phase have been seen in some diseases. Hormonal fluctuations within the menstrual cycle have been postul...Continue Reading

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