Pioneer factors in embryonic stem cells and differentiation.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
S T Smale

Abstract

Most studies of tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific transcription have focused on the DNA motifs, transcription factors, or chromatin events required for the active transcription of a gene in cells in which the gene is expressed, or for its active or heritable silencing in nonexpressing cells. However, accumulating evidence suggests that, in multicellular eukaryotes, enhancers or promoters for tissue-specific genes interact with pioneer transcription factors in embryonic stem cells and at other early stages of development, long before the genes are transcribed. These early interactions, which can lead to the presence of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides, histone modification signatures, and/or chromatin remodeling, may carry out different functions at different classes of genes.

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Citations

Oct 15, 2011·Nature Biotechnology·Thomas Vierbuchen, Marius Wernig
Jul 21, 2011·Nature Immunology·Stephen T Smale
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