Polymorphic Toxins and Their Immunity Proteins: Diversity, Evolution, and Mechanisms of Delivery.

Annual Review of Microbiology
Zachary C RuheChristopher S Hayes

Abstract

All bacteria must compete for growth niches and other limited environmental resources. These existential battles are waged at several levels, but one common strategy entails the transfer of growth-inhibitory protein toxins between competing cells. These antibacterial effectors are invariably encoded with immunity proteins that protect cells from intoxication by neighboring siblings. Several effector classes have been described, each designed to breach the cell envelope of target bacteria. Although effector architectures and export pathways tend to be clade specific, phylogenetically distant species often deploy closely related toxin domains. Thus, diverse competition systems are linked through a common reservoir of toxin-immunity pairs that is shared via horizontal gene transfer. These toxin-immunity protein pairs are extraordinarily diverse in sequence, and this polymorphism underpins an important mechanism of self/nonself discrimination in bacteria. This review focuses on the structures, functions, and delivery mechanisms of polymorphic toxin effectors that mediate bacterial competition.

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Citations

Dec 17, 2020·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Sonya L DonatoChristopher S Hayes
Nov 7, 2020·Current Opinion in Structural Biology·Anna C RatliffHerve Celia
Dec 8, 2020·Frontiers in Microbiology·Hsiao-Han LinErh-Min Lai
Apr 27, 2021·Current Opinion in Structural Biology·Jérémy Guérin, Susan K Buchanan
Jun 3, 2021·Nature Reviews. Microbiology·Simon HeilbronnerAndreas Peschel
Jul 14, 2021·Trends in Microbiology·Jonathan H Massey, Irene L G Newton
Aug 4, 2021·Annual Review of Microbiology·Lisa Bowman, Tracy Palmer
Sep 26, 2021·Proteins·Leila T AlexanderTorsten Schwede

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