Possible role of plasma Galectin-9 levels as a surrogate marker of viremia in HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings.

AIDS Research and Therapy
Ashwini SheteRaman Gangakhedkar

Abstract

Early detection of viremia in HIV infected patients on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is important to prevent disease progression as well as accumulation of drug resistance mutations. This makes HIV viral load (VL) monitoring indispensable in HIV infected patients on ART. However VL, being an expensive test, results in heavy financial burden on health services. Hence, cheaper surrogate markers of viremia are desired to reduce overall cost of management of HIV infected patients. We enrolled aviremic (n = 63, M:F = 31:32) and viremic (n = 43, M:F = 21:22) HIV infected patients at 1 year after ART initiation. Viremic individuals were identified as those having a plasma VL of more than 1000 copies/µl and aviremic individuals as less than 40 copies/µl. The study participants also included immuno-virologically discordant patients as they demonstrate differential degrees of immune-reconstitution and are likely to harbour concomitant infections influencing levels of immune-activation markers screened as the surrogate markers. Immune activation markers viz. plasma hs-CRP, soluble-CD14 and Galectin-9 levels were estimated by ELISA, IL-6 by luminex assay and percentages of CD38+ CD8+ cells were determined by flow cytometry. The levels were...Continue Reading

References

Feb 13, 2001·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·O EquilsM Arditi
Aug 17, 2004·International Journal of STD & AIDS·E FlorenceR Colebunders
Apr 19, 2005·Journal of Medical Virology·Emanuele NicastriUNKNOWN Italian Antiretroviral Treatment Group (IATG)
Jan 13, 2006·Archives of Internal Medicine·Bryan LauStephen J Gange
Sep 29, 2009·Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology·Silvia BaroncelliLucia Palmisano
Nov 17, 2009·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Christopher J HoffmannAlison D Grant
Sep 25, 2010·AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses·Cecilia M ShikumaUNKNOWN AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5095 Study Team
Jan 22, 2011·The Journal of Infectious Diseases·Netanya G SandlerUNKNOWN INSIGHT SMART Study Group
Sep 16, 2011·The Journal of Infectious Diseases·Michael M LedermanBenigno Rodriguez
Oct 25, 2011·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Pradeep B J ReddyBarry T Rouse
Nov 5, 2011·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Shalini SharmaBarry T Rouse
Dec 21, 2011·Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De São Paulo·Janaina Aparecida Schineider CasottiCrispim Cerutti
Apr 17, 2012·Hepatology : Official Journal of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases·Hang LiWeiping Zou
Jun 5, 2012·Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes : JAIDS·Carey L ShiveMichael M Lederman
Oct 1, 2013·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Avelin F AghokengUNKNOWN ANRS 12186 Study Group
Jan 1, 2016·Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS·Afroditi Boulougoura, Irini Sereti
May 31, 2016·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Kuan-Ting LiuPo-Lin Kuo
Jun 3, 2016·PLoS Pathogens·Mohamed Abdel-MohsenSatish K Pillai
Oct 25, 2016·The Lancet Infectious Diseases·Trevor PeterJohn N Nkengasong
Dec 28, 2016·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Beata ShiratoriToshio Hattori
Jun 30, 2018·Sexually Transmitted Infections·Gary Brook
Jan 19, 2019·International Journal of Infectious Diseases : IJID : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases·Ashwini SheteRaman Gangakhedkar
Mar 8, 2019·Frontiers in Immunology·Florent ColombMohamed Abdel-Mohsen

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Methods Mentioned

BETA
density gradient centrifugation
ELISAs
flow cytometry
ELISA

Software Mentioned

FACSDiva
easyROC

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.

Related Papers

Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry : International Journal of Experimental Cellular Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology
Toshiro NikiKatsuaki Hoshino
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery
Shintaro FujiharaTsutomu Masaki
© 2021 Meta ULC. All rights reserved