Post-treatment and reuse of secondary effluents using natural ltreatment systems: the Indian practices

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
D KumarS K Sharma

Abstract

Paper summarizes the results of India-wide survey of natural treatment systems (NTSs) for wastewater treatment and reuse. The quality of treated wastewater from different types of NTSs was analyzed for various physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters, and needs for post-treatment were identified. Currently, about 1838 million liters per day (MLD) of wastewater is being treated using NTSs, of which the contributions of polishing ponds, waste stabilization ponds, duckweed ponds, constructed wetlands, and Karnal technology were found to be 53.39, 45.15, 0.13, 0.55, and 0.78%, respectively. Among the NTSs studied, constructed wetland was found most efficient in removal of pollutants including nitrogen, phosphorus, total coliform, and fecal coliform in the range of 76, 61, 99.956, and 99.923%, respectively. Of all types of NTSs, only constructed wetland was found to meet the total coliform count requirements (<1000 per 100 ml). Of all the 108 NTSs in operation, 23 systems are producing treated effluents for irrigation; effluents from 48 systems are being discharged into river or lake, and remaining 38 systems have not found any designated use of treated effluent. The chlorination was the only post-treatment, which is being pr...Continue Reading

References

Aug 15, 2008·Journal of Environmental Management·May A MassoudJoumana A Nasr
Jun 25, 2013·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment·Hafiz Abdullah ShakirAbdul Shakoor Chaudhry
Jul 12, 2013·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment·S S Saeedi Saravi, M Shokrzadeh

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Citations

Oct 2, 2015·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment·Dinesh KumarShyam R Asolekar

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