Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that females with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have a lower morbidity, severe case rate, and mortality and better outcome than those of male individuals. However, the reasons remained to be addressed. To find the factors that potentially protect females from COVID-19, we recruited all confirmed patients hospitalized at 3 branches of Tongji Hospital (N = 1902), and analyzed the correlation between menstrual status (n = 509, including 68 from Mobile Cabin Hospital), female hormones (n = 78), and cytokines related to immunity and inflammation (n = 263), and the severity/clinical outcomes in female patients <60 years of age. Nonmenopausal female patients had milder severity and better outcome compared with age-matched men (P < .01 for both). Menopausal patients had longer hospitalization times than nonmenopausal patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.91 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.06-3.46]; P = .033). Both anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and estradiol (E2) showed a negative correlation with severity of infection (adjusted HR, 0.146 [95% CI, .026-.824], P = .029 and 0.304 [95% CI, .092-1.001], P = .05, respectively). E2 levels were negatively correlated with interleukin (IL) 2R, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor n...Continue Reading
References
Jan 18, 1985·Science·C J Grossman
Jun 15, 2004·Cardiovascular Research·Yong Woo LeeMichal Toborek
Apr 9, 2005·Human Reproduction Update·Annechien BoumanMarijke M Faas
Dec 15, 2005·Critical Care Medicine·Matthias W A AngstwurmJochen Schopohl
Jan 15, 2008·Experimental Physiology·K Bridget BrosnihanPatricia Gallagher
May 8, 2009·Journal of Virology·Barry RockxMichael G Katze
Jul 9, 2010·Journal of Virology·Jincun ZhaoStanley Perlman
Jan 5, 2011·Biogerontology·Isabel BaezaMónica De la Fuente
Apr 6, 2011·Journal of the American College of Surgeons·Rondi M KauffmannAddison K May
Jun 15, 2012·Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services·Jaclyn WestonMarlon G Daniel
Jul 26, 2012·Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry·E Cabrera-MuñozI Camacho-Arroyo
Sep 26, 2013·The Journal of Infectious Diseases·Jie ZhouKwok-Yung Yuen
May 21, 2014·Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy·Julie DyallMatthew B Frieman
Aug 23, 2016·Nature Reviews. Immunology·Sabra L Klein, Katie L Flanagan
Apr 5, 2017·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Rudragouda ChannappanavarStanley Perlman
Oct 1, 2017·Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology·Sébastien JaillonCecilia Garlanda
Oct 11, 2017·Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism·Suresh VaikkakaraAmaresh P Reddy
Jan 24, 2018·Inflammatory Bowel Diseases·Vineet S RolstonGil Y Melmed
Mar 17, 2018·Vitamins and Hormones·Inger Sundström-Poromaa
Jul 31, 2019·Psychopharmacology·George M Slavich, Julia Sacher
Oct 2, 2019·American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine·Joshua P MetlayCynthia G Whitney
Jan 28, 2020·Lancet·Chen WangGeorge F Gao
Jan 28, 2020·Lancet·Chaolin HuangBin Cao
Feb 29, 2020·The New England Journal of Medicine·Wei-Jie GuanUNKNOWN China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19
Mar 17, 2020·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Zhongliang WangRuiguang Zhang
Apr 24, 2020·Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences : a Publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Société Canadienne Des Sciences Pharmaceutiques·Zsuzsanna Suba
May 4, 2020·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Kun WangChengyun Liu
May 5, 2020·Respiratory Medicine·Fabio PerrottaAndrea Bianco
May 31, 2020·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Jie QianYuan-Li Liu
Jun 13, 2020·Nature Reviews. Immunology·Eileen P ScullySabra L Klein
Citations
Aug 23, 2020·Cancers·Carlo CattriniFrancesco Boccardo
Sep 25, 2020·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Ting DingShixuan Wang
Sep 25, 2020·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Felice GershJames H O'Keefe
Nov 28, 2020·Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience·Catia MarzoliniParham Sendi
Nov 28, 2020·Future Oncology·Angioletta LasagnaPaolo Pedrazzoli
Dec 1, 2020·Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society·Peter Chedraui, Faustino R Pérez-López
Jan 14, 2021·International Immunopharmacology·Golbarg RahimiEffat Alizadeh
Feb 10, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Nischal KarkiBrian Zoltowski
Jan 21, 2021·Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine·Jayeeta SurDivakar Sharma
Mar 14, 2021·International Journal of Infectious Diseases : IJID : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases·Felipe Ten-CatenHelder I Nakaya
Mar 27, 2021·Journal of Mid-life Health·Neha MishraPayal Jain
Apr 17, 2021·Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders·Seda Hanife OguzBulent Okan Yildiz
Apr 28, 2021·Rheumatology International·Hussain Ahmed RazaLatika Gupta
Feb 24, 2021·Chest·Sara GhandehariMichael Lewis
Jun 15, 2021·Briefings in Bioinformatics·Luyao QinTaijiao Jiang
Jul 27, 2021·Future Virology·Marzieh Saei Ghare NazFahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
Jul 31, 2021·Essays in Biochemistry·Damien A LeachCharlotte L Bevan
Aug 2, 2021·Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders·Berta SoldevilaMónica Marazuela
May 10, 2021·Obesity·Mikael ChetbounFrançois Pattou
Aug 28, 2021·Medicine·Ingeborg E van ZeggerenUNKNOWN Amsterdam UMC COVID-19 Biobank
Aug 29, 2021·Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society·Andrea SpiniLuigia Trabace
Sep 14, 2021·Andrologia·John M MastersonMaurice M Garcia