Prevalent fecal contamination in drinking water resources and potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan

Journal of Environmental Sciences (China)
Kifayatullah KhanRuoyu Liang

Abstract

Fecal bacteria contaminate water resources and result in associated waterborne diseases. This study assessed drinking water quality and evaluated their potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan. Ground and surface drinking water were randomly collected from upstream to downstream in the River Swat watershed and analyzed for fecal contamination using fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) and physiochemical parameters (potential of hydrogen, turbidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, color, odor and taste). The physiochemical parameters were within their safe limits except in a few locations, whereas, the fecal contaminations in drinking water resources exceeded the drinking water quality standards of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), 2008 and World Health Organization (WHO), 2011. Multivariate and univariate analyses revealed that downstream urbanization trend, minimum distance between water sources and pit latrines/sewerage systems, raw sewage deep well injection and amplified urban, pastures and agricultural runoffs having human and animal excreta were the possible sources of contamination. The questionnaire survey revealed that majority of the local people using 10-20years o...Continue Reading

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Citations

Oct 31, 2018·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment·Salama A OufRania F Abdul-Rahim
May 22, 2019·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Yusra MahfoozBalal Yousaf
Jun 5, 2019·The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·Natalia Romero-SandovalMiguel Martín
Mar 28, 2021·Environmental Geochemistry and Health·Mahmoud A AbdelhafizXinbin Feng
Nov 25, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Saif Ur RahmanSadia Idrees
Dec 7, 2021·The Science of the Total Environment·Kifayatullah KhanYonglong Lu

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