Principles of fluoride toxicity and the cellular response: a review.

Archives of Toxicology
Nichole R Johnston, Scott A Strobel

Abstract

Fluoride is ubiquitously present throughout the world. It is released from minerals, magmatic gas, and industrial processing, and travels in the atmosphere and water. Exposure to low concentrations of fluoride increases overall oral health. Consequently, many countries add fluoride to their public water supply at 0.7-1.5 ppm. Exposure to high concentrations of fluoride, such as in a laboratory setting often exceeding 100 ppm, results in a wide array of toxicity phenotypes. This includes oxidative stress, organelle damage, and apoptosis in single cells, and skeletal and soft tissue damage in multicellular organisms. The mechanism of fluoride toxicity can be broadly attributed to four mechanisms: inhibition of proteins, organelle disruption, altered pH, and electrolyte imbalance. Recently, there has been renewed concern in the public sector as to whether fluoride is safe at the current exposure levels. In this review, we will focus on the impact of fluoride at the chemical, cellular, and multisystem level, as well as how organisms defend against fluoride. We also address public concerns about fluoride toxicity, including whether fluoride has a significant effect on neurodegeneration, diabetes, and the endocrine system.

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Citations

Sep 29, 2020·Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care·Lajya Devi GoyalParamdeep Singh
Nov 12, 2020·The Science of the Total Environment·Jixiang WangRuiyan Niu
Feb 9, 2021·Mutation Research. Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis·Ana L H GarciaJuliana da Silva
May 28, 2021·Frontiers in Pharmacology·Rafael Fernades CostaJames Oluwagbamigbe Fajemiroye
Jan 26, 2021·Annual Review of Biochemistry·Benjamin C McIlwainRandy B Stockbridge
Aug 26, 2021·Clinical Toxicology : the Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists·Keahi M HorowitzAdam Blumenberg

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
GTPase
GTPases
RNA-Seq

Software Mentioned

PyMOL

Related Concepts

Related Feeds

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a specific process that leads to programmed cell death through the activation of an evolutionary conserved intracellular pathway leading to pathognomic cellular changes distinct from cellular necrosis

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