Problematica old and new

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
Ronald A Jenner, D Timothy J Littlewood

Abstract

Problematica are taxa that defy robust phylogenetic placement. Traditionally the term was restricted to fossil forms, but it is clear that extant taxa may be just as difficult to place, whether using morphological or molecular (nucleotide, gene or genomic) markers for phylogeny reconstruction. We discuss the kinds and causes of Problematica within the Metazoa, as well as criteria for their recognition and possible solutions. The inclusive set of Problematica changes depending upon the nature and quality of (homologous) data available, the methods of phylogeny reconstruction and the sister taxa inferred by their placement or displacement. We address Problematica in the context of pre-cladistic phylogenetics, numerical morphological cladistics and molecular phylogenetics, and focus on general biological and methodological implications of Problematica, rather than presenting a review of individual taxa. Rather than excluding Problematica from phylogeny reconstruction, as has often been preferred, we conclude that the study of Problematica is crucial for both the resolution of metazoan phylogeny and the proper inference of body plan evolution.

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Citations

Jul 21, 2011·Molecular Biology and Evolution·Guifré TorruellaIñaki Ruiz-Trillo
Jan 15, 2008·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences·Maximilian J Telford, D Timothy J Littlewood
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Jan 29, 2009·BMC Evolutionary Biology·Ronald A JennerMatthew A Wills
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Sep 2, 2015·Current Biology : CB·Jakob Vinther
Mar 26, 2020·Systematic Biology·Nicolás Mongiardino Koch, Luke A Parry
Aug 2, 2017·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Qiang OuGeorg Mayer

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