Production, detection, and adaptive responses to free radicals in exercise

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
Sean Sachdev, Kelvin Davies

Abstract

Free radicals (particularly oxygen- and nitrogen-centered radicals), and related reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, are generated in cells and tissues during exercise. Mitochondria (actually, 'leakage' of electrons from ubisemiquinone and other electron transport chain components), xanthine oxidase, and phagocytes such as neutrophils may all contribute to free radical production. In this article we review mechanisms of free radical production during exercise and methods for detecting free radicals and related reactive species, during, or immediately following exercise. The evidence presented strongly suggests that free radicals generated during mild to moderate endurance-type exercise actually form part of the mechanism of exercise adaptation that includes extensive biogenesis of muscle mitochondria, increased muscle blood supply, and altered fuel consumption patterns. We suggest, as originally proposed [1], that (at moderately increased levels) free radicals actually act as intracellular signaling molecules to initiate exercise adaptation. In contrast, endurance exercise of extreme duration and extreme intensity appears to generate much higher levels of free radicals that overwhelm cellular antioxidant defenses, and cause t...Continue Reading

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