Abstract
To review the existing literature regarding the characteristics, prognostic factors, treatment, and survival of patients with medulloblastoma, who develop extraneural metastasis (ENM). A PubMed search of English language articles from 1961 to 2007 was performed, yielding 47 articles reporting on 119 patients. Factors analyzed included age, time interval to development of ENM, ENM location, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, treatment, and outcome. Sites of ENM included bone in 84% of patients, bone marrow in 27% of patients, lymph nodes in 15% of patients, lung in 6% of patients, and liver in 6% of patients. Median survival was 8 months after diagnosis of ENM. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates after diagnosis of ENM were 41.9%, 31.0%, and 26.0%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates after diagnosis of ENM were 34.5%, 23.2%, and 13.4%, respectively. For patients without CNS involvement at the time of ENM diagnosis, the 1-, 2-, and 5-year OS rates for those treated with and without radiotherapy (RT) were 82.4%, 64.8%, and 64.8% vs. 51.0%, 36.6%, and 30.5%, respectively (p = 0.03, log-rank test). RT did not significantly improve OS or PFS rates for those with CNS involve...Continue Reading
References
Jan 1, 1979·Acta neurochirurgica·A J Raimondi, T Tomita
Jan 1, 1978·Medical and Pediatric Oncology·L Nathanson, S G Kovacs
Aug 1, 1978·Journal of Clinical Pathology·A M Jackson, D I Graham
Apr 1, 1977·Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, Biology·S Das, J E Dalby
Jul 1, 1977·Cancer·R C BrownH P Plenk
May 1, 1976·Journal of Neurosurgery·H J HoffmanR P Humphreys
Jan 1, 1976·Child's Brain·L P Lassman
Jun 1, 1992·Journal of Neuro-oncology·J H LundbergR C Ash
Oct 1, 1991·Neurosurgery·H G KrouwerM D Prados
Jan 1, 1991·Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry·S RochkindY Goldhammer
Jan 1, 1991·British Journal of Neurosurgery·H L Brydon, M P Carey
Feb 1, 1990·Cancer·I B LefkowitzA E Evans
Oct 1, 1988·Neurosurgery·M C ChamberlainV A Levin
Jan 1, 1987·Acta neurochirurgica·J R Farwell, J T Flannery
Mar 1, 1986·Neurosurgery·H S FriedmanW J Oakes
Dec 1, 1986·Surgical Neurology·V Kasantikul, S Shuangshoti
Jan 1, 1986·Medical and Pediatric Oncology·D H MahoneyD J Fernbach
Oct 1, 1973·Radiology·C E SmithS H Levitt
May 1, 1973·Radiology·P Brutschin, G J Culver
May 1, 1973·Cancer·M B LewisB I Shnider
Oct 1, 1971·Cancer·E M Chatty, K M Earle
May 1, 1968·The American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy, and Nuclear Medicine·M BachM E Platts
Jan 1, 1969·Journal of Neurosurgery·L P LassmanR D Jones
Jan 1, 1969·The American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy, and Nuclear Medicine·B S Aron
Jun 1, 1965·Brain : a Journal of Neurology·D Dexter, D A Howell
May 20, 1967·British Medical Journal·B Corrin, J C Meadows
Feb 15, 1984·Cancer·A N CampbellH J Hoffman
Nov 1, 1982·International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics·H J Bloom
Jul 1, 1983·Archives of Neurology·J A Vanneste
Sep 1, 1981·Annals of Neurology·P K Duffner, M E Cohen
Nov 15, 1981·Cancer·G M KleinmanE P Richardson
Nov 1, 1981·Journal of Neurosurgery·J C Allen, L Helson
Nov 1, 1981·Neurosurgery·J G McCombH Isaacs
Jan 1, 1993·Journal of Neuro-oncology·P H CottuM Marty
Jun 15, 1993·Cancer·J WattersonJ R Priest
Jan 11, 2000·Bone Marrow Transplantation·F MillotF Guilhot
Sep 12, 2000·Neurosurgery·A W ChanJ S Loeffler
Jun 22, 2002·Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology·S AhmadW Harkness
Mar 7, 2003·Journal of Pediatric Hematology/oncology·Charles G EberhartPeter C Burger
Apr 15, 2003·Medical and Pediatric Oncology·Arnold C Paulino
Jun 1, 1961·Brain : a Journal of Neurology·E PATERSON
Mar 1, 1964·Radiology·S P BLACK, T E KEATS
Mar 11, 2005·Acta Neuropathologica·Ludvik R Donner
Nov 23, 2007·Lancet Neurology·John R CrawfordRoger J Packer
May 29, 2008·Pediatric Blood & Cancer·Patrick J LeaveyUNKNOWN Children's Oncology Group
Jul 25, 2008·Journal of Cellular Physiology·Matthias KarajannisElizabeth W Newcomb
Citations
Mar 16, 2013·Clinical & Experimental Metastasis·Jessica M GrundaGregory A Clines
Jun 19, 2012·Inflammopharmacology·Borhane AnnabiRichard Béliveau
Dec 23, 2011·Molecular Cancer Therapeutics·Fadila GuessousRoger Abounader
Oct 5, 2010·PloS One·Arun Kumar NallaJasti S Rao
Oct 2, 2013·Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences·Tanmoy MaitiB Indira Devi
Oct 12, 2012·Case Reports in Neurological Medicine·K QuenumA Elkhamlichi
Apr 18, 2014·BMC Cancer·Angela MastronuzziElisabetta Ferretti
Sep 28, 2012·Acta Oncologica·Thomas AsklundKatrine Åhlström Riklund
Jan 19, 2016·Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia·Phillip A BonneyJames D Battiste
Dec 17, 2014·Pediatric Blood & Cancer·Robert J YoungIra J Dunkel
Oct 2, 2015·Asian Journal of Neurosurgery·Slavomir Iliev KondoffPolina Danailova Dakova
Jan 11, 2013·Pediatric Hematology and Oncology·Marina NikitovićJelena Sopta
Jan 31, 2015·Primary Care·Mohamed RadhiErin M Guest
May 30, 2013·Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology·Jincy ClementJoseph J Drabick
Jun 1, 2011·Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria·Valéria Marques Figueira MuoioSuely Kazue Nagahashi Marie
Mar 7, 2017·Clinical Nuclear Medicine·Abhishek MahajanRakesh Jalali
Dec 2, 2017·The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery·Hao ChangBing Li
Jul 24, 2018·Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics·Carolina Nör, Vijay Ramaswamy
Dec 6, 2018·Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging : TMRI·Guilherme de Souza E CassiaZoltan Patay
Jan 19, 2018·BMC Medical Genetics·Nahla Ali MobarkMalak Abedalthagafi
Mar 17, 2019·Journal of Hematology & Oncology·Otília MenyhártBalázs Győrffy
Aug 30, 2011·Journal of Neuro-oncology·A SilvaniA Salmaggi
Dec 18, 2018·Neuro-Chirurgie·D FrappazM-P Sunyach
Jan 27, 2021·Aging·Thomas EiblHans-Herbert Steiner