Abstract
Despite the benefit of the tympanic middle ear to airborne hearing sensitivity, anurans range in how soon they develop functional middle ears after transitioning to life on land. Previous evidence suggested that bufonids had particularly slow middle ear developmental rates, but precise timelines have not yet been published for this family. Here, we provide the first age-verified middle ear development timeline for a true toad species (family Bufonidae). We find that although middle ear development begins during metamorphosis in Rhinella horribilis, the middle ear remains incomplete 15 weeks after the transition from aquatic tadpole to land-dwelling toadlet. Using this new middle ear timeline, we discuss commonalities and differences in middle ear development among bufonids, as well as among Anura.
References
Oct 1, 1992·Journal of Morphology·L Trueb, J Hanken
May 1, 1988·Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology·T E Hetherington
Jul 1, 1985·The Journal of Experimental Zoology·T E Hetherington
Jan 1, 1996·Journal of Structural Biology·J R KremerJ R McIntosh
Feb 7, 1998·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·S S Boatright-Horowitz, A M Simmons
Jun 26, 2001·Hearing Research·S S HorowitzA M Simmons
Jun 20, 2003·Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists·Michele Miller BeverDonna M Fekete
Mar 1, 1959·Journal of Morphology·S N SEDRA, M I MICHAEL
Oct 24, 2008·Journal of Morphology·Marissa Fabrezi, Javier Goldberg
Nov 2, 2016·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Molly C WomackKim L Hoke
Sep 30, 2016·Scientific Reports·Martín O PereyraJulián Faivovich
Sep 6, 2017·Scientific Data·Brunno Freire OliveiraGabriel C Costa
Apr 1, 1987·Journal of Morphology·Emilia Vorobyeva, Sergey Smirnov
Citations
Sep 19, 2020·Anatomia, histologia, embryologia·Cristian Olimpiu MartonosFlorin Gheorghe Stan
Oct 28, 2020·Evolution & Development·Jennifer L StynoskiKim L Hoke
May 6, 2021·Nature Communications·Carla BarduaAnjali Goswami